source sequencelengths 14 112 | target sequencelengths 1 1 | keywords sequencelengths 0 4 |
|---|---|---|
[
"In this paper , we explore correlation of dependency relation paths to rank candidate answers in answer extraction .",
"Using the correlation measure , we compare dependency relations of a candidate answer and mapped question phrases in sentence with the corresponding relations in question .",
"Different from ... | [
"A generally accessible NER system for QA systems produces a larger answer candidate set which would be hard for current surface word-level ranking methods."
] | [
"answer"
] |
[
"Recently , many works have tried to augment the performance of Chinese named entity recognition ( NER ) using word lexicons .",
"As a representative , Lattice-LSTM ( Zhang and Yang , 2018 ) has achieved new benchmark results on several public Chinese NER datasets .",
"However , Lattice-LSTM has a complex model... | [
"Named entity recognition in Chinese requires word segmentation causes errors or character-level model with lexical features that is complex and expensive."
] | [
"chinese"
] |
[
"Word embedding is central to neural machine translation ( NMT ) , which has attracted intensive research interest in recent years .",
"In NMT , the source embedding plays the role of the entrance while the target embedding acts as the terminal .",
"These layers occupy most of the model parameters for represent... | [
"Word embeddings occupy a large amount of memory, and weight tying does not mitigate this issue for distant language pairs on translation tasks."
] | [
"word embedding",
"translation"
] |
[
"This paper explores log-based query expansion ( QE ) models for Web search .",
"Three lexicon models are proposed to bridge the lexical gap between Web documents and user queries .",
"These models are trained on pairs of user queries and titles of clicked documents .",
"Evaluations on a real world data set s... | [
"Term mismatches between a query and documents hinder retrievals of relevant documents and black box statistical machine translation models are used to expand queries."
] | [
"query",
"model"
] |
[
"Traditional noun phrase coreference resolution systems represent features only of pairs of noun phrases .",
"In this paper , we propose a machine learning method that enables features over sets of noun phrases , resulting in a first-order probabilistic model for coreference .",
"We outline a set of approximati... | [
"Existing approaches treat noun phrase coreference resolution as a set of independent binary classifications limiting the features to be only pairs of noun phrases."
] | [
"coreference resolution"
] |
[
"Bilingual lexicons map words in one language to their translations in another , and are typically induced by learning linear projections to align monolingual word embedding spaces .",
"In this paper , we show it is possible to produce much higher quality lexicons with methods that combine ( 1 ) unsupervised bite... | [
"Existing methods to induce bilingual lexicons use linear projections to align word embeddings that are based on unrealistic simplifying assumptions."
] | [
"bilingual lexicon",
"word"
] |
[
"In this paper we show that a simple beam approximation of the joint distribution between attention and output is an easy , accurate , and efficient attention mechanism for sequence to sequence learning .",
"The method combines the advantage of sharp focus in hard attention and the implementation ease of soft att... | [
"Softmax attention models are popular because of their differentiable and easy to implement nature while hard attention models outperform them when successfully trained."
] | [
"easy"
] |
[
"Contrastive learning has achieved impressive success in generation tasks to militate the \" exposure bias \" problem and discriminatively exploit the different quality of references .",
"Existing works mostly focus on contrastive learning on the instance-level without discriminating the contribution of each word... | [
"Existing works on contrastive learning for text generation focus only on instance-level while word-level information such as keywords is also of great importance."
] | [
"text generation",
"contrastive learning",
"keyword"
] |
[
"Word embedding models are typically able to capture the semantics of words via the distributional hypothesis , but fail to capture the numerical properties of numbers that appear in a text .",
"This leads to problems with numerical reasoning involving tasks such as question answering .",
"We propose a new meth... | [
"Existing word embeddings treat numbers like words failing to capture numeration and magnitude properties of numbers which is problematic for tasks such as question answering."
] | [
"word embedding"
] |
[
"We propose a novel approach to improve SMT via paraphrase rules which are automatically extracted from the bilingual training data .",
"Without using extra paraphrase resources , we acquire the rules by comparing the source side of the parallel corpus with the target-to-source translations of the target side .",... | [
"Incorporating paraphrases improves statistical machine translation however no works investigate sentence level paraphrases."
] | [
"improve",
"paraphrase"
] |
[
"Automatically extracting social meaning and intention from spoken dialogue is an important task for dialogue systems and social computing .",
"We describe a system for detecting elements of interactional style : whether a speaker is awkward , friendly , or flirtatious .",
"We create and use a new spoken corpus... | [
"Methods to extract social meanings such as engagement from speech remain unknown while it is important in sociolinguistics and to develop socially aware computing systems."
] | [
"extract social meaning"
] |
[
"We introduce the task of predicting adverbial presupposition triggers such as also and again .",
"Solving such a task requires detecting recurring or similar events in the discourse context , and has applications in natural language generation tasks such as summarization and dialogue systems .",
"We create two... | [
"Adverbaial triggers indicate the event recurrence, continuation, or termination in the discourse context and are frequently found in English but there are few related works."
] | [
"trigger"
] |
[
"This paper proposes a novel method that exploits multiple resources to improve statistical machine translation ( SMT ) based paraphrasing .",
"In detail , a phrasal paraphrase table and a feature function are derived from each resource , which are then combined in a log-linear SMT model for sentence-level paraph... | [
"Paraphrase generation requires monolingual parallel corpora which is not easily obtainable, and few works focus on using the extracted phrasal paraphrases in sentence-level paraphrase generation."
] | [] |
[
"There are many possible different semantic relationships between nominals .",
"Classification of such relationships is an important and difficult task ( for example , the well known noun compound classification task is a special case of this problem ) .",
"We propose a novel pattern clusters method for nominal... | [
"Using annotated data or semantic resources such as WordNet for relation classification introduces errors and such data is not available in many domains and languages."
] | [
"semantic",
"classification"
] |
[
"Learning sentence embeddings from dialogues has drawn increasing attention due to its low annotation cost and high domain adaptability .",
"Conventional approaches employ the siamese-network for this task , which obtains the sentence embeddings through modeling the context-response semantic relevance by applying... | [
"Existing methods to learn representations from dialogues have a similarity-measurement gap between training and evaluation time and do not exploit the multi-turn structure of data."
] | [] |
[
"Named entity phrases are some of the most difficult phrases to translate because new phrases can appear from nowhere , and because many are domain specific , not to be found in bilingual dictionaries .",
"We present a novel algorithm for translating named entity phrases using easily obtainable monolingual and bi... | [
"Translating named entities is challenging since they can appear from nowhere, and cannot be found in bilingual dictionaries because they are domain specific."
] | [
"translate name entity",
"bilingual"
] |
[
"Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis ( PLSA ) models have been shown to provide a better model for capturing polysemy and synonymy than Latent Semantic Analysis ( LSA ) .",
"However , the parameters of a PLSA model are trained using the Expectation Maximization ( EM ) algorithm , and as a result , the trained ... | [
"EM algorithm-baed Probabilistic latent semantic analysis models provide high variance in performance and models with different initializations are not comparable."
] | [
"probabilistic latent semantic analysis"
] |
[
"We rely on arguments in our daily lives to deliver our opinions and base them on evidence , making them more convincing in turn .",
"However , finding and formulating arguments can be challenging .",
"In this work , we present the Arg-CTRL-a language model for argument generation that can be controlled to gene... | [
"Argumentative content generation can support humans but current models produce lengthy texts and offer a little controllability on aspects of the argument for users."
] | [
"argument",
"generation"
] |
[
"We describe a question answering model that applies to both images and structured knowledge bases .",
"The model uses natural language strings to automatically assemble neural networks from a collection of composable modules .",
"Parameters for these modules are learned jointly with network-assembly parameters... | [
"Existing works on visual learning use manually-specified modular structures."
] | [] |
[
"Large pre-trained language models reach stateof-the-art results on many different NLP tasks when fine-tuned individually ; They also come with a significant memory and computational requirements , calling for methods to reduce model sizes ( green AI ) .",
"We propose a twostage model-compression method to reduce... | [
"Existing coarse-grained approaches for reducing the inference time of pretraining models remove layers, posing a trade-off between compression and the accuracy of a model."
] | [
"model"
] |
[
"Several studies on sentence processing suggest that the mental lexicon keeps track of the mutual expectations between words .",
"Current DSMs , however , represent context words as separate features , thereby loosing important information for word expectations , such as word interrelations .",
"In this paper ,... | [
"Providing richer contexts to Distributional Semantic Models improves by taking word interrelations into account but it would suffer from data sparsity."
] | [
"rich context"
] |
[
"In this paper , we propose Inverse Adversarial Training ( IAT ) algorithm for training neural dialogue systems to avoid generic responses and model dialogue history better .",
"In contrast to standard adversarial training algorithms , IAT encourages the model to be sensitive to the perturbation in the dialogue h... | [
"Neural end-to-end dialogue models generate fluent yet dull and generic responses without taking dialogue histories into account due to the over-simplified maximum likelihood estimation objective."
] | [
"dialogue"
] |
[
"demonstrated that corpus-extracted models of semantic knowledge can predict neural activation patterns recorded using fMRI .",
"This could be a very powerful technique for evaluating conceptual models extracted from corpora ; however , fMRI is expensive and imposes strong constraints on data collection .",
"Fo... | [
"The expensive cost of using fMRI hinders studies on the relationship between corpus-extracted models of semantic knowledge and neural activation patterns."
] | [
"semantic"
] |
[
"This paper introduces a new parser evaluation corpus containing around 700 sentences annotated with unbounded dependencies , from seven different grammatical constructions .",
"We run a series of off-theshelf parsers on the corpus to evaluate how well state-of-the-art parsing technology is able to recover such d... | [
"While recent statistical parsers perform well on Penn Treebank, the results can be misleading due to several reasons originating from evaluation and datasets."
] | [
"parser",
"evaluation"
] |
[
"Learning entailment rules is fundamental in many semantic-inference applications and has been an active field of research in recent years .",
"In this paper we address the problem of learning transitive graphs that describe entailment rules between predicates ( termed entailment graphs ) .",
"We first identify... | [
"Current inefficient algorithms aim to obtain entailment rules for semantic inference hindering the use of large resources."
] | [
"entailment"
] |
[
"Sponsored search is at the center of a multibillion dollar market established by search technology .",
"Accurate ad click prediction is a key component for this market to function since the pricing mechanism heavily relies on the estimation of click probabilities .",
"Lexical features derived from the text of ... | [
"Conventional word embeddings with a simple integration of click feedback information and averaging to obtain sentence representations do not work well for ad click prediction."
] | [
"embedding",
"ad",
"feedback"
] |
[
"We propose a new model for unsupervised POS tagging based on linguistic distinctions between open and closed-class items .",
"Exploiting notions from current linguistic theory , the system uses far less information than previous systems , far simpler computational methods , and far sparser descriptions in learni... | [
"Current approaches tackle unsupervised POS tagging as a sequential labelling problem and require a complete knowledge of the lexicon."
] | [
"pos",
"lexicon"
] |
[
"Non-autoregressive Transformer is a promising text generation model .",
"However , current non-autoregressive models still fall behind their autoregressive counterparts in translation quality .",
"We attribute this accuracy gap to the lack of dependency modeling among decoder inputs .",
"In this paper , we p... | [
"Non-autoregressive translation models fall behind their autoregressive counterparts in translation quality due to the lack of dependency modelling for the target outputs."
] | [
"translation",
"target",
"non-autoregressive"
] |
[
"The clustering-based unsupervised relation discovery method has gradually become one of the important methods of open relation extraction ( OpenRE ) .",
"However , high-dimensional vectors can encode complex linguistic information which leads to the problem that the derived clusters can not explicitly align with... | [
"Even though high-dimensional vectors that can encode complex information used for relation extraction are not guaranteed to be consistent with relational semantic similarity."
] | [
"relation extraction"
] |
[
"Prior use of machine learning in genre classification used a list of labels as classification categories .",
"However , genre classes are often organised into hierarchies , e.g. , covering the subgenres of fiction .",
"In this paper we present a method of using the hierarchy of labels to improve the classifica... | [
"Existing genre classification methods achieve high accuracy without regarding hierarchical structures exhibiting unrealistic experimental setups such as a limited number of genres and sources."
] | [
"genre classification"
] |
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