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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DB00107 | Oxytocin | Sir Henry H. Dale first identified oxytocin and its uterine contractile properties in 1906.[A229008,A228593,A229108] Like all other neurohypophysial hormones, oxytocin is composed of nine amino acids with a disulfide bridge between the Cys 1 and 6 residues.[A229008,A228593] In the mid-1950s, synthetic oxytocin was succ... | liquid | Administration of exogenous oxytocin is indicated in the antepartum period to initiate or improve uterine contractions for vaginal delivery in situations where there is fetal or maternal concern.[L31433] For example, It may be used to induce labor in cases of Rh sensitization, maternal diabetes, preeclampsia at or near... | Oxytocin is a nonapeptide, pleiotropic hormone that exerts important physiological effects.[A228718, A228723] It is most well known to stimulate parturition and lactation, but also has important physiological influences on metabolic and cardiovascular functions, sexual and maternal behaviour, pair bonding, social cogni... | Oxytocin plays a vital role in labour and delivery.[A228928] The hormone is produced in the hypothalamus and is secreted from the paraventricular nucleus to the posterior pituitary where it is stored.[A228928,A228958] It is then released in pulses during childbirth to induce uterine contractions.[A228928]
The concen... | Oxytocin is administered parenterally and is fully bioavailable. It takes approximately 40 minutes for oxytocin to reach steady-state concentrations in the plasma after parenteral administration.[L31788] | Oxytocin is rapidly removed from the plasma by the liver and kidney.[L31433] The enzyme oxytocinase is largely responsible for the metabolism and regulation of oxytocin levels in pregnancy and only a small percentage of the neurohormone is excreted in the urine unchanged.[L31433,L31788] Oxytocinase activity increases t... | Administration of supratherapeutic doses of exogenous oxytocin can lead to myocardial ischemia, tachycardia, and arrhythmias.[A228958] High doses can also lead to uterine spasms, hypertonicity, or rupture.[A228958] Oxytocin has antidiuretic properties, thus, high daily doses (as a single dose or administered slowly ove... | The plasma half-life of oxytocin ranges from 1-6 minutes. The half-life is decreased in late pregnancy and during lactation.[L31433] | null | The enzyme oxytocinase is largely responsible for the metabolism and regulation of oxytocin levels in pregnancy; only a small percentage of the neurohormone is excreted in the urine unchanged.[L31433,L31788] | null | In a study that observed 10 women who were given oxytocin to induce labor, the mean metabolic clearance rate was 7.87 mL/min.[A229053] | Organic Compounds | Organic Acids | Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues | [
"approved",
"vet_approved"
] | [
"G02AC",
"G02A",
"G02",
"G",
"H01BB",
"H01B",
"H01",
"H"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "1.6",
"description": "Pitocin 10 unit/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "9.84",
"description": "Oxytocin 10 unit/ml vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "1762.25",
"description": "Oxytocin powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.01",
"description": "Ox... | [] | Oxitocina | Oxytocin | OT-R | Antidiuretic hormone receptor 1b | AVPR V1b | AVPR V3 | AVPR3 | V1bR | Vasopressin V3 receptor | VPR3 | ADHR | Antidiuretic hormone receptor | AVPR V2 | DIR | DIR3 | Renal-type arginine vasopressin receptor | V2R | Antidiuretic hormone receptor 1a | AVPR V1a | AVPR1 | V1aR | Vascular/hepat... | [
"Bakumokon 5% Minoxidil",
"Bakumokon 7% Minoxidil Sulfate",
"Oxytocin",
"Oxytocin",
"Oxytocin",
"Oxytocin",
"Oxytocin",
"Oxytocin",
"Oxytocin",
"Oxytocin",
"Oxytocin",
"Oxytocin",
"Oxytocin",
"Oxytocin",
"Oxytocin",
"Oxytocin",
"Oxytocin",
"Oxytocin",
"Oxytocin",
"Oxytocin",
... | [] | [
"Bakumokon 5% Minoxidil",
"Bakumokon 7% Minoxidil Sulfate"
] | [
"P30559",
"P47901",
"P30518",
"P37288"
] | [
"P48147",
"Q9UIQ6"
] | [
"P01178"
] | [
"Q15109"
] |
DB00108 | Natalizumab | Natalizumab is a recombinant humanized IgG4κ monoclonal antibody that binds to α4-integrin.[L48041] While natalizumab was originally approved by the FDA to treat multiple sclerosis in 2004, it was withdrawn from the market following multiple reports of fatal progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). In 2006, th... | liquid | Natalizumab is indicated as monotherapy for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis, including clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting disease, and active secondary progressive disease in adults.[L48031, L48036, L49096]
It is also indicated for inducing and maintaining clinical response and... | Natalizumab is a disease-modifying drug that works to alleviate the symptoms of multiple sclerosis and Crohn’s disease by attenuating inflammation.[A261326, A261401] A reduction in lesions was observed in patients with multiple sclerosis who received natalizumab.[A261326] Natalizumab increases the number of circulating... | Integrins are transmembrane receptors and adhesion molecules that facilitate the chemotaxis of leukocytes to inflammation sites.[A261326] Made up of multiple subunits, α4 integrins form heterodimers with β-subunits to form functional molecules.[A261321] During inflammation, endothelial cells lining blood vessels are ac... | Following the repeat intravenous administration of a 300 mg dose of natalizumab in patients with multiple sclerosis, the mean ± SD maximum observed serum concentration was 110 ± 52 mcg/mL. Mean average steady-state trough concentrations ranged from 23 mcg/mL to 29 mcg/mL. The observed time to steady-state was approxima... | No information is available. | There is limited information regarding the acute toxicity (LD<sub>50</sub>) and overdosage of natalizumab. The safety of doses higher than 300 mg has not been adequately evaluated. The maximum amount of natalizumab that can be safely administered has not been determined.[L48031] | Following the repeat intravenous administration of a 300 mg dose of natalizumab in patients with multiple sclerosis, the mean ± SD half-life was 11 ± 4 days. In patients with Crohn's Disease, it was 10 ± 7 days.[L48031] | No information is available. | No information is available. | Following the repeat intravenous administration of a 300 mg dose of natalizumab in patients with multiple sclerosis, the mean ± SD volume of distribution was 5.7 ± 1.9 L. In patients with Crohn's Disease, it was 5.2 ± 2.8 L.[L48031] | Following the repeat intravenous administration of a 300 mg dose of natalizumab in patients with multiple sclerosis, the mean ± SD clearance was 16 ± 5 mL/hour. In patients with Crohn's Disease, it was 22 ± 22 mL/hour.[L48031]
Natalizumab clearance increased with body weight in a less-than-proportional manner. The p... | Organic Compounds | Organic Acids | Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues | [
"approved",
"investigational"
] | [
"L04AG",
"L04A",
"L04",
"L"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "207.31",
"description": "Tysabri 300 mg/15 ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
}
] | [] | Anti-alpha4 integrin | Anti-VLA4 | IMMUNOGLOBULIN G4 (HUMAN-MOUSE MONOCLONAL AN100226 4-CHAIN ANTI-HUMAN INTEGRIN 4), DISULFIDE WITH HUMAN-MOUSE MONOCLONAL AN100226 LIGHT CHAIN, DIMER | IMMUNOGLOBULIN G4 (HUMAN-MOUSE MONOCLONAL AN100226 4-CHAIN ANTI-HUMAN INTEGRIN 4), DISULPHIDE WITH HUMAN-MOUSE MONOCLONAL AN100226 LIG... | [
"Tyruko",
"Tysabri",
"Tysabri",
"Tysabri",
"Tysabri",
"Tysabri"
] | [
"Antegren"
] | [] | [
"P13612",
"O75015",
"P12314",
"P05362"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB00109 | Enfuvirtide | Enfuvirtide is a 36 amino acid biomimetic peptide that is structurally similar to the HIV proteins that are responsible for the fusion of the virus to cell membranes and subsequent intracellular uptake. The first agent in the novel class of antiretroviral drugs called HIV fusion inhibitors, enfuvirtide works by inhibit... | solid | Enfuvirtide is an antiretroviral drug used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1/AIDS. | null | Enfuvirtide binds to the first heptad-repeat (HR1) in the gp41 subunit of the viral envelope glycoprotein and prevents the conformational changes required for the fusion of viral and cellular membranes. By disrupting the HIV-1 molecular machinery during its final stage of fusion with the target cell, enfuvirtide limits... | After a 90 mg single subcutaneous injection of Enfuvirtide into the abdomen in 12 HIV-1 infected subjects, the mean peak concentration is 4.59+/-1.5 ug/ml and the median time to peak concentration was 8 hours (ranged from 3 to12 hours). | Expected to undergo catabolism to its constituent amino acids, with subsequent recycling of the amino acids in the body pool. | null | 3.8 +/- 0.6 hrs | 92% | null | * 5.5 ± 1.1 L | * 24.8 +/- 4.1 mL/h/kg [HIV-1 infected adult and pediatric subjects following a 90-mg single SC dose of enfuvirtide]
* 30.6 +/- 10.6 mL/h/kg [Following 90-mg twice daily dosing of FUZEON SC in combination with other antiretroviral agents in HIV-1 infected subjects]
* 40 +/- 17 mL/h/kg [pediatric patients in the prese... | Organic Compounds | Organic Acids | Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues | [
"approved",
"investigational"
] | [
"J05AX",
"J05A",
"J05",
"J"
] | [
"Human Immunodeficiency Virus"
] | [
{
"cost": "3062.23",
"description": "Fuzeon convenience kit",
"unit": "kit"
}
] | [
{
"approved": "2002-11-05",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2015-06-07",
"number": "6475491"
},
{
"approved": "1995-11-07",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2013-06-07",
"number": "5464933"
},
{
"approved": "2009-08-18",
"country": "Canada",
"expire... | Enfuvirtida | Enfuvirtide | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | 4-nitrophenol 2-hydroxylase | CY... | [
"Fuzeon",
"Fuzeon",
"Fuzeon",
"Fuzeon"
] | [] | [
"Fuzeon"
] | [] | [
"P33261",
"P05181"
] | [] | [] |
DB00110 | Palivizumab | Humanized monoclonal antibody (IgG1k) produced by recombinant DNA technology, directed to an epitope in the A antigenic site of the F protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Synagis is a composite of human (95%) and murine (5%) antibody sequences. The human heavy chain sequence was derived from the constant domai... | liquid | For prophylaxis of respiratory diseases casued by respiratory syncytial virus. | Synagis exhibits neutralizing and fusion-inhibitory activity against Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). These activities inhibit RSV replication or spread. Synagis is given to prevent the development of lower respiratory tract disease in pediatric patients. | Palivizumab binds to the fusion glycoprotein of RSV. This prevents its binding and uptake by host cellular receptors. | null | Most likely removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system. | null | 18-20 days (in adults) | null | null | null | null | Organic Compounds | Organic Acids | Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues | [
"approved",
"investigational"
] | [
"J06BD",
"J06B",
"J06",
"J"
] | [] | [] | [
{
"approved": "2000-10-31",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2015-08-09",
"number": "2197684"
}
] | Palivizumab | Fusion glycoprotein F0 precursor | CD16-I | CD16B | Fc-gamma RIII | Fc-gamma RIII-beta | Fc-gamma RIIIb | FCG3 | FCGR3 | FcR-10 | FcRIII | FcRIIIb | IGFR3 | IgG Fc receptor III-1 | 3.4.21.41 | Complement component 1 subcomponent r | C1QG | CD16-II | CD16A | CD16a antigen | Fc-gamma RIII | Fc-gamma RIII-al... | [
"Synagis",
"Synagis",
"Synagis",
"Synagis",
"Synagis",
"Synagis",
"Synagis",
"Synagis",
"Synagis",
"Synagis",
"Synagis",
"Synagis"
] | [] | [] | [
"O75015",
"P00736",
"P02745",
"P02746",
"P02747",
"P08637",
"P12314",
"P31994"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB00111 | Daclizumab | Humanized IgG1 Mab that binds to the human interleukin-2 receptor (anti-Tac or anti-CD25). Daclizumab is a composite of human (90%) and murine (10%) antibody sequences. The human sequences were derived from the constant domains of human IgG1 and the variable framework regions of the Eu myeloma antibody. The murine sequ... | liquid | Zenapax is a humanized monoclonal antibody used for prevention of renal transplant rejection | Zenapax functions as an IL-2 receptor antagonist. Specifically it inhibits IL-2-mediated activation of lymphocytes, a critical pathway in the cellular immune response involved in allograft rejection. | Zenepax binds with high-affinity to the Tac subunit of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor complex and inhibits IL-2 binding. The IL-2 receptor (Tac) subunit is expressed on activated but not resting lymphocytes. | null | Most likely removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system when bound to lymphocytes. | null | 11-38 days | null | null | null | null | Organic Compounds | Organic Acids | Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues | [
"investigational",
"withdrawn"
] | [
"L04AC",
"L04A",
"L04",
"L"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [] | [] | Dacliximab | Daclizumab | Daclizumab beta | IL-2 receptor subunit alpha | IL-2-RA | IL-2R subunit alpha | IL2-RA | p55 | TAC antigen | High affinity IL-2 receptor subunit beta | IL-2 receptor subunit beta | IL-2R subunit beta | IL-2RB | IL15RB | Interleukin-15 receptor subunit beta | p70-75 | p75 | CD16-I | CD16B | Fc-... | [
"Zenapax",
"Zenapax",
"Zenapax",
"Zenapax 5mg/ml",
"Zinbryta",
"Zinbryta",
"Zinbryta",
"Zinbryta Pen"
] | [] | [] | [
"P01589",
"P14784",
"O75015",
"P00736",
"P02745",
"P02746",
"P02747",
"P08637",
"P12314",
"P12318",
"P31994",
"P31995"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB00112 | Bevacizumab | There is a great deal of evidence indicating that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is important for the survival and proliferation of cancer cells.[A192939,A192837,A192891,A193275] VEGF plays an important role in angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and tumor growth, which are all factors that contribute to its at... | liquid | As a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor, bevacizumab is used in several chemotherapy regimens to treat metastatic colorectal cancer; metastatic, unresectable, locally advanced or recurrent non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer; metastatic renal cell carcinoma; metastatic, persistent, or recurrent cer... | Bevacizumab binds circulating vascular endothelial-derived growth factor (VEGF) and blocks it from binding to its associated receptors, effectively blunting downstream signaling.[A192963] The effects of bevacizumab have been shown to re-establish normal vasculature at the tumor site resulting in increased nutrient and ... | Transcription of the VEGF protein is induced by 'hypoxia inducible factor' (HIF) in a hypoxic environment.[A192939] When circulating VEGF binds to VEGF receptors (VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2) located on endothelial cells, various downstream effects are initiated.[A192834,A192939] It should be noted that VEGF also binds to the ... | Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are large in size, do not readily cross cell membranes, and are unable to withstand proteolysis in the gastrointestinal tract.[A40006,A192981,A19126] Given these characteristics, mAbs are poorly absorbed via the oral route and are instead administered intravenously, intramuscularly or subcu... | There are several pathways through which monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) may be cleared.[A192948] Non-specific clearance of mAbs refers to target independent pinocytosis, and proteolysis of the protein into small amino acids and peptides in the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and the liver.[A192948,A40006] Target-mediate... | Bevacizumab toxicities are distinct from the effects of cytotoxic agents used in chemotherapy, and are normally linked to impaired VEGF function.[A192960,A192963] Common toxicities associated with bevacizumab include hypertension, gastrointestinal perforation, arterial thromboembolism, reversible posterior leukoencepha... | The half-life of bevacizumab is estimated to be 20 days (range of 11-50 days).[L12648,A192921] | >97% of serum VEGF is bound to bevacizumab.[A192939] | Due to their size, monoclonal antibodies are not renally eliminated under normal physiological conditions.[A40006] Catabolism or excretion are the primary processes of elimination.[A40006] | The volume of distribution of bevacizumab is approximately 3.29 L and 2.39 L for the average male and female, respectively.[A192939] | The clearance (CL) of bevacizumab is approximately 0.207 L/day.[A192939] The CL of bevacizumab can increase or decrease by 30% in patients who weigh >114 kg or <49 kg respectively.[A192939] Males tend to clear bevacizumab at a faster rate than females (26% faster on average).[A192939] Other factors including alkaline p... | Organic Compounds | Organic Acids | Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues | [
"approved",
"investigational"
] | [
"L01FG",
"L01F",
"L01",
"L",
"S01LA",
"S01L",
"S01",
"S"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "167.48",
"description": "Avastin 100 mg/4 ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "696.7",
"description": "Avastin 100 mg/4ml Solution 4ml Vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "2786.78",
"description": "Avastin 400 mg/16ml Solution 16ml Vial",
"unit": "vial"
}
] | [
{
"approved": "2008-06-10",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2018-04-03",
"number": "2286330"
},
{
"approved": "2003-09-16",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2012-10-28",
"number": "2145985"
}
] | Anti-VEGF Humanized Monoclonal Antibody | Anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody | Bevacizumab | bevacizumab-awwb | rhuMAb-VEGF | L-VEGF | Vascular permeability factor | VEGF | VPF | C1QG | CD16-II | CD16A | CD16a antigen | Fc-gamma RIII | Fc-gamma RIII-alpha | Fc-gamma RIIIa | FCG3 | FcgammaRIIIA | FCGR3 | FcR-10 | FcRIII | Fc... | [
"Abevmy",
"Abevmy",
"Abevmy",
"Abevmy",
"Abevmy",
"Abevmy",
"Abevmy",
"Alymsys",
"Alymsys",
"Alymsys",
"Alymsys",
"Avastin",
"Avastin",
"Avastin",
"Avastin",
"Avastin",
"Aybintio",
"Aybintio",
"Aybintio",
"Aybintio",
"Bambevi",
"Bambevi",
"Equidacent",
"Equidacent",
"... | [] | [] | [
"P15692",
"P02745",
"P02746",
"P02747",
"P08637",
"P12314",
"P12318",
"P31994",
"P31995"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB00113 | Technetium Tc-99m arcitumomab | Reduced Fab fragment of the murine IgG1 monoclonal antibody IMMU-4 (also called NP-4) with specificity for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) covalently labeled with Technitium 99. The molecule has a molecular weight of ~54,000 Daltons. | liquid | For imaging colorectal tumors | Binds to the carcinoembryonic antigen, which is a cell surface protein generally overexpressed in colon (and other) cancers. The radioactive Tc99, which is covalently attached to the antibody, allows radiodiagnostic detection of CEA expressing cells and tumors | Binds selectively to cell-surface carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) expressed on colorectal tumors. | null | Most likely removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system, or by human antimurine antibody production | null | Approximately 1 hour | null | null | null | null | Organic Compounds | Organic Acids | Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues | [
"experimental"
] | [
"V09IA",
"V09I",
"V09",
"V"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [] | [] | Arcitumomab technetium-99m | Technetium (99mTc) arcitumomab | Technetium Tc 99m arcitumomab | Technetium-99m arcitumomab | BGP | BGP-1 | BGP1 | Biliary glycoprotein 1 | Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 | CEA cell adhesion molecule 1 | [] | [
"CEA-Scan"
] | [] | [
"P13688"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB00114 | Pyridoxal phosphate | This is the active form of vitamin B6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (pyridoxamine). | solid | For nutritional supplementation and for treating dietary shortage or imbalance. | The two major forms of vitamin B6 are pyridoxine and pyridoxamine. In the liver they are converted to pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) which is a cofactor in many reactions of amino acid metabolism. PLP also is necessary for the enzymatic reaction governing the release of glucose from glycogen. Pyroluria is one potential caus... | Pyridoxal Phosphate is a coenzyme of many enzymatic reactions. It is the active form of vitamin B6 which comprises three natural organic compounds, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine. Pyridoxal phosphate acts as a coenzyme in all transamination reactions, and in some
oxylation and deamination reactions of amino a... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organoheterocyclic compounds | Pyridines and derivatives | Pyridine carboxaldehydes | [
"approved",
"investigational",
"nutraceutical"
] | [
"A11HA",
"A11H",
"A11",
"A"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [] | [] | 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-((phosphonooxy)methyl)-4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde | 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde 5-phosphate | Codecarboxylase | PLP | Pyridoxal 5-monophosphoric acid ester | Pyridoxal 5-phosphate | Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate | Pyridoxal P | Pyridoxal phosphate anhydrous | Pyridoxal-5P | Pyrido... | [
"Amladex",
"Azesco",
"BumP DHA",
"BumP DHA",
"Dexivite",
"Dyzbac",
"Dyzbac",
"EnBrace HR",
"Enl",
"EnLyte",
"Hypnosom",
"L-Methyl PNV DHA",
"L-Methyl-B6-B12",
"L-Methyl-B6-B12",
"L-Methyl-B6-B12",
"L-Methyl-B6-B12",
"L-Methyl-B6-B12",
"Levomefolate Calcium Pyridoxal-5 Phosphate Mec... | [
"Biosechs",
"Himitan",
"Vitazechs"
] | [
"L-Methyl-B6-B12",
"Dyzbac",
"Vita-Rx Diabetic Vitamin",
"Levomefolate Calcium, Pyridoxal 5-phosphate, Methylcobalamin and Schizochytrium DHA Oil",
"L-Methyl-B6-B12",
"Levomefolate Calcium Pyridoxal-5 Phosphate Mecobalamin Algal",
"PramLyte",
"Medi-10",
"Mebolex",
"Dyzbac",
"BumP DHA",
"PramLy... | [
"P80404",
"P00734",
"Q9BYV1",
"Q99259",
"P35520",
"Q16719",
"P34896",
"Q9Y697",
"P17174",
"P04181",
"P11926",
"Q8N5Z0",
"Q9NVS9",
"O95470",
"P17735",
"Q16773",
"P06737",
"O15270",
"Q9Y600",
"P19113",
"Q96A70",
"P20132",
"O75600",
"P23378",
"P24298",
"Q9Y617",
"P13... | [] | [] | [] |
DB00119 | Pyruvic acid | An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed) | liquid | For nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance | Pyruvic acid or pyruvate is a key intermediate in the glycolytic and pyruvate dehydrogenase pathways, which are involved in biological energy production. Pyruvate is widely found in living organisms. It is not an essential nutrient since it can be synthesized in the cells of the body. Certain fruits and vegetables are ... | Pyruvate serves as a biological fuel by being converted to acetyl coenzyme A, which enters the tricarboxylic acid or Krebs cycle where it is metabolized to produce ATP aerobically. Energy can also be obtained anaerobically from pyruvate via its conversion to lactate. Pyruvate injections or perfusions increase contracti... | Pyruvate is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract from whence it is transported to the liver via the portal circulation. | In the liver, pyruvate is metabolized via several pathways. | Those taking large doses of supplemental pyruvate—usually greater than 5 grams daily—have reported gastrointestinal symptoms, including abdominal discomfort and bloating, gas and diarrhea. One child receiving pyruvate intravenously for restrictive cardiomyopathy died. | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Keto acids and derivatives | Alpha-keto acids and derivatives | [
"approved",
"investigational",
"nutraceutical"
] | [] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [] | [] | 2-ketopropionic acid | 2-oxopropanoic acid | 2-Oxopropansäure | 2-Oxopropionsäure | a-Ketopropionic acid | Acetylformic acid | acide pyruvique | alpha-ketopropionic acid | Brenztraubensäure | BTS | Pyroracemic acid | α-ketopropionic acid | α-Oxopropionsäure | 4.2.1.1 | CA-IV | Carbonate dehydratase IV | Carbonic anhydr... | [
"Rejuvesol"
] | [] | [
"Rejuvesol"
] | [
"P22748",
"P80404",
"O15427",
"P36021",
"Q9BYV1",
"O15375",
"P30613",
"O15403",
"O60669",
"P11177",
"P14618",
"O15374",
"O95907",
"P53985",
"P11498"
] | [] | [] | [
"O60669",
"P53985",
"Q8TF71",
"Q92959",
"O15427"
] |
DB00125 | Arginine | An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. | solid | Used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance. | Studies have shown that is has improved immune responses to bacteria, viruses and tumor cells; promotes wound healing and regeneration of the liver; causes the release of growth hormones; considered crucial for optimal muscle growth and tissue repair. | Many of supplemental L-arginine's activities, including its possible anti-atherogenic actions, may be accounted for by its role as the precursor to nitric oxide or NO. NO is produced by all tissues of the body and plays very important roles in the cardiovascular system, immune system and nervous system. NO is formed fr... | Absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine into the enterocytes. Absorption is efficient and occurs by an active transport mechanism. | Some metabolism of L-arginine takes place in the enterocytes. L-arginine not metabolized in the enterocytes enters the portal circulation from whence it is transported to the liver, where again some portion of the amino acid is metabolized. | Oral supplementation with L-arginine at doses up to 15 grams daily are generally well tolerated. The most common adverse reactions of higher doses from 15 to 30 grams daily are nausea, abdominal cramps and diarrhea. Some may experience these symptoms at lower doses. | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"investigational",
"nutraceutical"
] | [
"V03AF",
"V03A",
"V03",
"V",
"B05XB",
"B05X",
"B05",
"B"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "0.04",
"description": "R-gene 10 vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.07",
"description": "L-arginine 1000 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.09",
"description": "Arginine 500 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.12",
"description":... | [] | (2S)-2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid | (2S)-2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid | (S)-2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid | (S)-2-Amino-5-guanidinovaleric acid | Arg | Arginina | Arginine | L-(+)-Arginine | L-Arg | L-Arginin | L-arginine | R | ATRC3 | CAT-3 | CAT3 | Cationic amino acid transporter y+ | Solute car... | [
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose",
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Clinimix",
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection Without Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Quickmix",
"2.5%travasol Amino Acid InJ.W.eleC.W.25%dex",
"2.75% Travas. Amino Aci... | [
"R-Gene 10"
] | [
"Lytensopril",
"Hypertenevide-12.5",
"Hypertenipine",
"Lytensopril-90",
"Hypertensolol",
"Rimantalist",
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II and Dextrose",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"A... | [
"Q8WY07",
"Q96A70",
"P04424",
"P35228",
"P30825",
"P78540",
"O43246",
"P00966",
"P29474"
] | [] | [] | [
"O76082",
"Q8TF71",
"Q9H015"
] |
DB00128 | Aspartic acid | One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. | solid | There is no support for the claim that aspartates are exercise performance enhancers, i.e. ergogenic aids. | L-aspartate is considered a non-essential amino acid, meaning that, under normal physiological conditions, sufficient amounts of the amino acid are synthesized in the body to meet the body's requirements. L-aspartate is formed by the transamination of the Krebs cycle intermediate oxaloacetate. The amino acid serves as ... | There are also claims that L-aspartate has ergogenic effects, that it enhances performance in both prolonged exercise and short intensive exercise. It is hypothesized that L-aspartate, especially the potassium magnesium aspartate salt, spares stores of muscle glycogen and/or promotes a faster rate of glycogen resynthes... | Absorbed from the small intestine by an active transport process | null | Mild gastrointestinal side effects including diarrhea. LD<sub>50</sub> (rat) > 5,000 mg/kg. | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"approved",
"nutraceutical"
] | [] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "2.46",
"description": "L-aspartic acid powder",
"unit": "g"
}
] | [] | (S)-2-aminobutanedioic acid | (S)-2-aminosuccinic acid | 2-Aminosuccinic acid | ácido aspártico | Acidum asparticum | Asp | Aspartic acid | D | L-Asp | L-Asparaginsäure | L-Aspartate | L-Aspartic acid | GluN2A | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-1 | hNR2A | N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2A | NMDAR2A | N... | [
"20% Prosol",
"Aminosyn II",
"Aminosyn II",
"Aminosyn II",
"Aminosyn II",
"Aminosyn II",
"Aminosyn II",
"Aminosyn II",
"Aminosyn II",
"Aminosyn II",
"Aminosyn II",
"Aminosyn II",
"Aminosyn II 10% With Electrolytes",
"Aminosyn II 5% Inj",
"Aminosyn II 7% Injection",
"Aminosyn II 7% M In... | [] | [
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II and Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II with Electrolytes in Dextrose with Calcium",
"Aminosyn II with Electrolytes in Dextrose with Calcium",
"Aminosyn II with Electrolytes in Dextrose with Calcium",
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II in Dex... | [
"Q12879",
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"Q12797",
"P22234",
"P30520",
"P43005",
"Q6PI48",
"Q7L266",
"P07998",
"P61626"
] | [
"P27708"
] | [] | [
"Q8TF71"
] |
DB00129 | Ornithine | Produced during the urea cycle, ornithine is an amino acid produced from the splitting off of urea from arginine. L-Ornithine allows for the disposal of excess nitrogen and acts as a precursor of citrulline and arginine. | solid | Used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance. It has been claimed that ornithine improves athletic performance, has anabolic effects, has wound-healing effects, and is immuno-enhancing. | A non-essential and nonprotein amino acid, ornithine is critical for the production of the body's proteins, enzymes and muscle tissue. Ornithine plays a central role in the urea cycle and is important for the disposal of excess nitrogen (ammonia). Ornithine is the starting point for the synthesis of many polyamines suc... | L-Ornithine is metabolised to L-arginine. L-arginine stimulates the pituitary release of growth hormone. Burns or other injuries affect the state of L-arginine in tissues throughout the body. As De novo synthesis of L-arginine during these conditions is usually not sufficient for normal immune function, nor for normal ... | Absorbed from the small intestine via a sodium-dependent active transport process | Ornithine undergoes extensive metabolism in the liver to L-arginine, polyamines, and proline, and several other metabolites. | Oral, rat LD<sub>50</sub> = 10000 mg/kg | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"approved",
"nutraceutical"
] | [
"A05BA",
"A05B",
"A05",
"A"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [] | [] | (S)-2,5-Diaminopentanoate | (S)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid | (S)-2,5-diaminovaleric acid | (S)-ornithine | (S)-α,δ-diaminovaleric acid | L-Ornithine | levo-ornithine | Ornithine | Ornithinum | Ornitina | 2.6.1.13 | Ornithine delta-aminotransferase | Ornithine--oxo-acid aminotransferase | 2.1.3.3 | Ornithine carbamoyltra... | [
"Primene",
"Primene 10%",
"Primene 10%-liq IV"
] | [] | [
"Primene",
"Primene 10%-liq IV",
"Primene 10%"
] | [
"P04181",
"P00480",
"P05089",
"P54368",
"P30825",
"P52569",
"Q9BXI2",
"P78540",
"Q9Y619",
"P50440"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB00130 | L-Glutamine | A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. An oral formulation of L-glutamine was approved by the FD... | solid | Used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance.
Used to reduce the acute complications of sickle cell disease in adult and pediatric patients 5 years of age and older [FDA Label]. | Like other amino acids, glutamine is biochemically important as a constituent of proteins. Glutamine is also crucial in nitrogen metabolism. Ammonia (formed by nitrogen fixation) is assimilated into organic compounds by converting glutamic acid to glutamine. The enzyme which accomplishes this is called glutamine synthe... | Supplemental L-glutamine's possible immunomodulatory role may be accounted for in a number of ways. L-glutamine appears to play a major role in protecting the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract and, in particular, the large intestine. During catabolic states, the integrity of the intestinal mucosa may be compromis... | Absorption is efficient and occurs by an active transport mechanism. Tmax is 30 minutes after a single dose [FDA Label]. Absorption kinetics following multiple doses has not yet been determined. | Exogenous L-glutamine likely follows the same metabolic pathways as endogenous L-glutamine which is involved in the formation of glutamate, proteins, nucleotides, and amino acid sugars [FDA Label]. | Doses of L-glutamine up to 21 grams daily appear to be well tolerated. Reported adverse reactions are mainly gastrointestinal and not common. They include constipation and bloating. There is one older report of two hypomanic patients whose manic symptoms were exacerbated following the use of 2 to 4 grams daily of L-glu... | The half life of elimination is 1 h [FDA Label]. | null | Primarily eliminated by metabolism [FDA Label]. While L-glutamine is filtered though the glomerulus, nearly all is reabsorbed by renal tubules. | Volume of distribution is 200 mL/kg after intravenous bolus dose [FDA Label]. | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"approved",
"investigational",
"nutraceutical"
] | [
"A16AA",
"A16A",
"A16",
"A"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "2.43",
"description": "Argiment packets",
"unit": "packet"
},
{
"cost": "3.76",
"description": "L-glutamine crystals",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.05",
"description": "Glutamic-500 tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.05",
"description": "Impac... | [
{
"approved": "1994-02-22",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2011-10-07",
"number": "5288703"
}
] | (2S)-2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid | (2S)-2,5-diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid | (S)-2,5-diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid | Glutamic acid 5-amide | Glutamic acid amide | Glutamina | Glutamine | L-(+)-glutamine | L-2-aminoglutaramic acid | L-glutamic acid γ-amide | L-Glutamin | L-Glutamine | L-Glutaminsäure-5-amid | Levoglutam... | [
"Endari",
"L-Glutamine",
"NutreStore"
] | [
"Earthlink Science Glutamine Chews Chocolate",
"Glutamine Express",
"Glutamine Fuel Mega",
"Glutamine Fuel Powder",
"L-Glutamine Power"
] | [] | [
"P17812",
"Q06203",
"P15104"
] | [
"P00488",
"O94925",
"Q9UI32",
"P21980",
"O43548",
"O95932",
"P22735",
"P49221",
"Q08188",
"Q96PF1",
"P49915",
"P08243",
"Q16773",
"O15067",
"O75879",
"O94808",
"P27708",
"P47897",
"Q6IA69"
] | [] | [
"Q9H2H9",
"Q96QD8",
"Q99624",
"Q15758",
"Q9UN76",
"Q9UM01",
"Q92536",
"Q01650",
"Q9UHI5",
"P82251",
"Q8TF71"
] |
DB00131 | Adenosine phosphate | Adenosine phosphate, or adenylic acid, is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position. Adenosine phosphate was withdrawn by the FDA since it was considered neither safe nor effective for its intended uses as a vasodilator and an anti-in... | solid | For nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance | Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5'-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP is used as a dietary supplement to boost immu... | Nucleotides such as Adenosine-5'-Monophosphate affect a number of immune functions, including the reversal of malnutrition and starvation-induced immunosuppression, the enhancement of T-cell maturation and function, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, the improvement of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity, ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues | Purine nucleotides | Purine ribonucleotides | [
"approved",
"investigational",
"nutraceutical",
"withdrawn"
] | [] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "19.74",
"description": "Adenosine-5 monophosphate",
"unit": "g"
}
] | [] | 5'-Adenosine monophosphate | 5'-Adenylic acid | 5'-AMP | 5'-O-Phosphonoadenosine | Adenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate) | Adenosine 5'-monophosphate | Adenosine 5'-phosphate | Adenosine monophosphate | Adenosine phosphate | Adenosine-5'-Monophosphate | Adenosine-5'-monophosphoric acid | Adenosine-5'P | Adenosini phospha... | [] | [
"My-B-Den"
] | [] | [
"Q13131",
"P54646",
"Q9Y478",
"O43741",
"P54619",
"Q9UGJ0",
"Q9UGI9",
"P55263",
"Q9Y478",
"Q9NR19",
"Q13131",
"Q08828",
"P33121",
"P16220",
"Q07343",
"P06737",
"P49773",
"Q08499",
"P09467"
] | [
"P23109",
"P07741"
] | [] | [] |
DB00142 | Glutamic acid | A peptide that is a homopolymer of glutamic acid. | solid | Considered to be nature's "Brain food" by improving mental capacities; helps speed the healing of ulcers; gives a "lift" from fatigue; helps control alcoholism, schizophrenia and the craving for sugar. | In addition to being one of the building blocks in protein synthesis, it is the most widespread neurotransmitter in brain function, as an excitatory neurotransmitter and as a precursor for the synthesis of GABA in GABAergic neurons. | Glutamate activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. The ionotropic ones being non-NMDA (AMPA and kainate) and NMDA receptors. Free glutamic acid cannot cross the blood-brain barrier in appreciable quantities; instead it is converted into L-glutamine, which the brain uses for fuel and protein synth... | Absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine into the enterocytes.Absorption is efficient and occurs by an active transport mechanism. | Hepatic | Glutamate causes neuronal damage and eventual cell death, particularly when NMDA receptors are activated, High dosages of glutamic acid may include symptoms such as headaches and neurological problems. | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"approved",
"nutraceutical"
] | [
"A09AB",
"A09A",
"A09",
"A"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "0.03",
"description": "L-glutamic acid powder",
"unit": "g"
}
] | [] | (2S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid | (S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid | (S)-Glutamic acid | ácido glutámico | Glu | Glutamic acid | L-Glutamate | L-Glutamic acid | L-Glutaminic acid | GPRC1A | MGLUR1 | GPRC1D | MGLUR4 | EAA1 | Excitatory amino acid receptor 1 | GluK4 | Glutamate receptor KA-1 | GRIK | KA1 | EAA2 | Excitatory am... | [
"20% Prosol",
"Aminosyn II",
"Aminosyn II",
"Aminosyn II",
"Aminosyn II",
"Aminosyn II",
"Aminosyn II",
"Aminosyn II",
"Aminosyn II",
"Aminosyn II",
"Aminosyn II",
"Aminosyn II",
"Aminosyn II 10% With Electrolytes",
"Aminosyn II 5% Inj",
"Aminosyn II 7% Injection",
"Aminosyn II 7% M In... | [] | [
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II and Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II with Electrolytes in Dextrose with Calcium",
"Aminosyn II with Electrolytes in Dextrose with Calcium",
"Aminosyn II with Electrolytes in Dextrose with Calcium",
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II in Dex... | [
"Q13255",
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"Q16099",
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"P24298",
"P38435",
"P43003",
"P43004",
"P43005",
"P48506",
"P48664",
"P49448",
"P49... | [] | [] | [
"Q8TF71",
"P53985",
"Q9H1K4",
"Q9H936"
] |
DB00155 | Citrulline | Citrulline is an amino acid. It is made from ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate in one of the central reactions in the urea cycle. It is also produced from arginine as a by-product of the reaction catalyzed by NOS family. Its name is derived from citrullus, the Latin word for watermelon, from which it was first isolated... | solid | Used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance. | A non-essential amino acid and a precursor of arginine. Citrulline supplements have been claimed to promote energy levels, stimulate the immune system and help detoxify ammonia (a cell toxin). L-citrulline is made from L-ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate in one of the central reactions in the urea cycle. It is also pro... | L-citrulline is converted to L-arginine by argininosuccinate synthase. L-arginine is in turn responsible for citrulline's therapeutic affects. Many of L-arginine's activities, including its possible anti-atherogenic actions, may be accounted for by its role as the precursor to nitric oxide or NO. NO is produced by all ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"investigational",
"nutraceutical"
] | [] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "1.01",
"description": "L-citrulline powder",
"unit": "g"
}
] | [] | (S)-2-Amino-5-ureidopentanoic acid | 2-Amino-5-ureidovaleric acid | alpha-amino-delta-Ureidovaleric acid | Cit | Citrulina | Citrulline | delta-Ureidonorvaline | L-2-Amino-5-ureidovaleric acid | L-Citrulline | N(5)-(Aminocarbonyl)-L-ornithine | N(delta)-Carbamylornithine | N5-(Aminocarbonyl)ornithine | N5-Carbamoyl-L-o... | [
"Lipovite",
"tensioSAN"
] | [] | [
"Lipovite",
"tensioSAN"
] | [
"P29474",
"P00966",
"O95865",
"O94760",
"P00480",
"P29475",
"P35228",
"Q9UM07",
"Q6TGC4",
"Q9ULC6",
"Q9ULW8",
"Q9Y2J8"
] | [] | [] | [
"Q4U2R8"
] |
DB00157 | NADH | NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH, a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being a... | solid | Some evidence suggests that NADH might be useful in treating Parkinson's disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease. | A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). The action of supplemental... | NADH is synthesized by the body and thus is not an essential nutrient. It does require the essential nutrient nicotinamide for its synthesis, and its role in energy production is certainly an essential one. In addition to its role in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, NADH is produced in the cytosol. The mitoc... | Unclear how much of an administered dose is absorbed. | null | No reports of overdose, however, high doses of NADH (10 mg a day or more) may cause jitteriness, anxiety, and insomnia. | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues | (5'->5')-dinucleotides | null | [
"approved",
"nutraceutical"
] | [] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "154.53",
"description": "Nicotinamide adenine powder",
"unit": "g"
}
] | [] | 1,4-dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide | DPNH | NAD reduced form | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced) | Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide, reduced | Reduced nicotinamide adenine diphosphate | Reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide | 7.1.1.2 | MTND3 | NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 | NADH3 | ND3 | 1.1.1.... | [
"Amladex",
"BumP DHA",
"BumP DHA",
"EnBrace HR",
"Enl",
"EnLyte",
"Folika-V",
"Genicin Vita-Q",
"Lexazin",
"Mebolic",
"Nutra-Z",
"Omniquin",
"Omnivex",
"Omnivex",
"PaxLyte",
"PramLyte",
"VitaXyme",
"Vitazyme",
"Vitazyme",
"Xyzbac",
"Xyzbac G",
"Zavitrol",
"Zyvit"
] | [] | [
"PramLyte",
"BumP DHA",
"BumP DHA",
"Zyvit",
"Zavitrol",
"Omnivex",
"Genicin Vita-Q",
"Xyzbac",
"Folika-V",
"EnLyte",
"EnBrace HR",
"Mebolic",
"VitaXyme",
"Omnivex",
"Omniquin",
"Vitazyme",
"Lexazin",
"Vitazyme",
"Xyzbac G",
"Amladex",
"Enl",
"Nutra-Z",
"PaxLyte"
] | [
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"P08319",
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"Q99714",
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"P07864",
"P07195",
"Q08426",
"Q16836",
"Q16798",
"Q02338",
"P40925",
"P31937",
"P37... | [
"P14550",
"P07327",
"P00325",
"P08319",
"P11766",
"P40394",
"P47989",
"Q06278",
"P28332"
] | [] | [] |
DB00160 | Alanine | Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. | solid | Used for protein synthesis. | Is an important source of energy for muscle tissue, the brain and central nervous system; strengthens the immune system by producing antibodies; helps in the metabolism of sugars and organic acids. | L-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. BCAAs are used as a source of ene... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"nutraceutical"
] | [] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "2.35",
"description": "L-alanine powder",
"unit": "g"
}
] | [] | (2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid | (S)-2-aminopropanoic acid | (S)-alanine | Alanina | Alanine | Alaninum | L-2-Aminopropionic acid | L-Alanin | L-alanine | L-alpha-Alanine | L-α-alanine | (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase | 2.6.1.19 | GABA aminotransferase | GABA transaminase | GABA-AT | GABA-T | GABAT | Gamma-ami... | [
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose",
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Clinimix",
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection Without Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Quickmix",
"2.5%travasol Amino Acid InJ.W.eleC.W.25%dex",
"2.75% Travas. Amino Aci... | [] | [
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II and Dextrose",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn II with Electrolytes in Dextrose with Calcium",
"Aminosyn II with Electrolytes in Dextrose w... | [
"P80404",
"P21549",
"P24298",
"Q9Y697",
"Q7Z2H8",
"Q9UHI5",
"Q9BYV1",
"P49588",
"P43007",
"Q16719",
"Q5JTZ9",
"Q8IUZ5",
"Q8TD30"
] | [] | [] | [
"Q8TF71"
] |
DB00171 | ATP | An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter. | solid | For nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance | Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the nucleotide known in biochemistry as the "molecular currency" of intracellular energy transfer; that is, ATP is able to store and transport chemical energy within cells. ATP also plays an important role in the synthesis of nucleic acids. The total quantity of ATP in the human body is ... | ATP is able to store and transport chemical energy within cells. ATP also plays an important role in the synthesis of nucleic acids. ATP can be produced by various cellular processes, most typically in mitochondria by oxidative phosphorylation under the catalytic influence of ATP synthase. The total quantity of ATP in ... | null | null | Oral LD<sub>50</sub> in rats is > 2 g/kg. | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues | Purine nucleotides | Purine ribonucleotides | [
"investigational",
"nutraceutical"
] | [] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [] | [] | Adenosine 5'-triphosphate | Adenosine triphosphate | Adenosine-5'-triphosphate | ATP | 2.7.10.2 | Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 | Abelson tyrosine-protein kinase 1 | ABL | JTK7 | p150 | Proto-oncogene c-Abl | 7.6.2.- | 7.6.2.3 | Anthracycline resistance-associated protein | ARA | MOAT-E | MRP6 | Mult... | [] | [
"Atriphos",
"Striadyne"
] | [] | [
"P00519",
"O95255",
"O15439",
"P33527",
"P13569",
"P42336",
"P68400",
"P67870",
"Q96G91",
"P53041",
"P42684",
"O95477",
"Q9NR19",
"Q9UM73",
"Q13564",
"Q13131",
"P10398",
"P37023",
"P33121",
"P49902",
"O43681",
"O60706",
"P31749",
"P25098",
"O14727",
"Q9NUB1",
"P36... | [
"P55263"
] | [] | [] |
DB03904 | Urea | A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. | solid | Urea is used topically for debridement and promotion of normal healing of hyperkeratotic surface lesions, particularly where healing is retarded by local infection, necrotic tissue, fibrinous or purulent debris or eschar. Urea is useful for the treatment of hyperkeratotic conditions such as dry, rough skin, dermatitis,... | Urea is a keratolytic emollient that works to treat or prevent dry, rough, scaly, itchy skin.[L41484] | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Organic carbonic acids and derivatives | Ureas | [
"approved",
"investigational"
] | [
"D02AE",
"D02A",
"D02",
"D",
"B05BC",
"B05B",
"B05",
"B",
"D02AE",
"D02A",
"D02",
"D"
] | [] | [] | [] | Carbamide | Carbonyldiamide | Harnstoff | Karbamid | Urea | Urée | 1.5.1.3 | 3.5.3.1 | Liver-type arginase | Type I arginase | 4.2.1.1 | CA-II | CAC | Carbonate dehydratase II | Carbonic anhydrase C | Carbonic anhydrase II | Cyanamide hydratase CA2 | Beta-catenin | CTNNB | 1.8.-.- | HUT2 | Solute carrier family 14 memb... | [
"Aluvea",
"Amino-cerv",
"Bare 20",
"Bare 40",
"Bare 40",
"Bare 40 HA",
"Bare 40 Plus HA",
"Bare 40 Plus SA",
"Bare 40 SA",
"Calmurid Crm",
"Calmurid HC Crm",
"Carb-O-Philic",
"Carb-O-Philic",
"Carbamex 330mgms",
"Carmol 40",
"Carmol 40",
"Carmol 40",
"CEM-Urea",
"Ciclopirox 3% / ... | [] | [
"Noxipak",
"Coppermagic Pain Relief Balm",
"Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt 1% / Tacrolimus 0.1% / Urea 20%",
"Lactic Acid 10% / Urea 40%",
"Ciclopirox 3% / Itraconazole 5% / Urea 20%",
"Pedipak",
"Miin Foot",
"Urea 40 Plus SA",
"Bare 40 Plus SA",
"Clear 40 Plus SA",
"W.skin Cica Foot Peeling",
"K... | [
"P05089",
"P00918",
"P35222"
] | [] | [] | [
"Q15849",
"Q13336"
] |
DB04160 | Pyrophosphoric acid | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Inorganic compounds | Homogeneous non-metal compounds | Non-metal oxoanionic compounds | Non-metal pyrophosphates | [
"approved",
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | acide diphosphorique | Diphosphoric acid | Diphosphorsäure | Pyrophosphorsäure | (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate synthase | 2.5.1.10 | Dimethylallyltranstransferase | Farnesyl diphosphate synthase | FPP synthase | FPS | Geranyltranstransferase | KIAA1293 | (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate synthase | 2.5.1.10 | FPP synthase | ... | [
"Dr. DADDYS GumToothpaste",
"Dr. DADDYS GumToothpaste",
"Dr. DADDYS Junior Toothpaste(Green grape)",
"Dr. DADDYS Kids Tooth",
"Dr. DADDYS Kids Toothpaste(Raspberry flavor)",
"Dr. DADDYS Tooth",
"Dr.chois Toothpaste Care",
"Dr.chois Toothpaste Care Plus",
"Dr.chois Toothpaste Fresh",
"Dr.DADDYS Jun... | [] | [
"Phosphotec",
"Pyrophosphate",
"Onetoothclinic Tooth",
"Technescan PYP",
"Nlihome Dental Care",
"Onetoothclinic Tooth",
"Mastikis Gold II",
"Mastikids II",
"Mastikis Qingjie Shine Mastic",
"Mastikis Qingxin Care Mastic",
"Vontee",
"Dr. DADDYS Tooth",
"Quantumtoothcare Tooth",
"Onetooth Cli... | [
"P14324"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB04299 | Maleic acid | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | (Z)-2-butenedioic acid | (Z)-butenedioic acid | cis-1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid | cis-but-2-enedioic acid | cis-Butenedioic acid | Maleic acid | Toxilic acid | 2.6.1.1 | AspAT | Transaminase A | 1.8.1.12 | N(1),N(8)-bis(glutathionyl)spermidine reductase | TR | 2.6.1.1 | AspAT | Transaminase A | 2.6.1.57 | ARAT | 2.6.... | [] | [] | [] | [
"P17174"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB00116 | Tetrahydrofolic acid | Tetrahydrofolic acid is a folic acid derivative that is produced from dihydrofolic acid after conversion by dihydrofolate reductase. It is converted into 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate by serine hydroxymethyltransferase. It is a soluble coenzyme in many reactions, especially in the metabolism of amino acids and nucleic... | solid | For nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance. | Tetrahydrofolate is the main active metabolite of dietary folate. It is vital as a coenzyme in reactions involving transfers of single carbon groups. Tetrahydrofolate has a role in nucleic and amino acid synthesis. As nucleic and amino acid synthesis is affected by a deficiency of tetrahydrofolate, actively dividing an... | Tetrahydrofolate is transported across cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis where it is needed to maintain normal erythropoiesis, synthesize purine and thymidylate nucleic acids, interconvert amino acids, methylate tRNA, and generate and use formate. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"nutraceutical"
] | [] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [] | [] | 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate | 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid | Tetrahydrofolate | C1-THF synthase | Epididymis secretory sperm binding protein | MTHFC | MTHFD | NMDMC | 2.1.2.10 | GCST | GCVT | Glycine cleavage system T protein | 1.5.1.6 | 10-FTHFDH | Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member L1 | FDH | FTHFD | 2.1.1.13 | 5-me... | [] | [] | [] | [
"P11586",
"P13995",
"P48728",
"O75891",
"Q99707",
"O95954",
"P31939",
"P34896",
"P34897",
"P42898",
"Q53ET4",
"Q96DP5"
] | [] | [] | [
"Q92887"
] |
DB00118 | Ademetionine | Physiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in treatment of chronic liver disease. (From Merck, 11th ed) | solid | S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is used as a drug in Europe for the treatment of depression, liver disorders, fibromyalgia, and osteoarthritis. It has also been introduced into the United States market as a dietary supplement for the support of bone and joint health, as well as mood and emotional well being. | S-adenosylmethionine is an intermediate metabolite of methionine. Its involvement in methylation assists in cellular growth and repair, maintains the phospho-bilipid layer in cell membranes. It also helps in the maintenance of the action of several hormones and neurotransmitters that affect mood. Highest concentration ... | S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is a natural substance present in the cells of the body. It is a direct metabolite of the essential amino acid L-methionine. SAMe plays a crucial biochemical role in the body by donating a one-carbon methyl group in a process called transmethylation. SAMe, formed from the reaction of L-methi... | S-Adenosylmethionine is absorbed from the small intestine following oral intake. As absorption is affected by food, it is best to take on an empty stomach. Bioavailability is low following oral intake. | Significant first-pass metabolism in the liver. Approximately 50% of S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is metabolized in the liver. SAMe is metabolized to S-adenosylhomocysteine, which is then metabolized to homocysteine. Homocysteine can either be metabolized to cystathionine and then cysteine or to methionine. The cofactor... | Irritating to mucus membranes and upper respiratory tract. Can cause CNS depression. | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues | 5'-deoxyribonucleosides | 5'-deoxy-5'-thionucleosides | [
"approved",
"investigational",
"nutraceutical"
] | [
"A16AA",
"A16A",
"A16",
"A"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "0.59",
"description": "Sam-e 200 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.79",
"description": "CVS Pharmacy sam-e 400 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.86",
"description": "Sam-e 400 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] | [] | Ademetionine | AdoMet | L-S-Adenosylmethionine | S-Adenosylmethionine | SAM | SAM-e | SAMe | 2.1.1.6 | 2.1.1.57 | Cap methyltransferase 1 | Cap1 2'O-ribose methyltransferase 1 | FtsJ methyltransferase domain-containing protein 2 | FTSJD2 | hMTr1 | Interferon-stimulated gene 95 kDa protein | ISG95 | KIAA0082 | MTR1 | 2.... | [] | [
"Donamet",
"Sam-Sulfate",
"SAMe",
"SAMe Rx-Mood"
] | [] | [
"P21964",
"Q8N1G2",
"Q9HBK9",
"Q14749",
"P17707",
"P31153",
"P35520",
"Q00266"
] | [
"P19623",
"P05181"
] | [] | [] |
DB00133 | Serine | A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines; pyrimidines; and other amino acids. | solid | Used as a natural moisturizing agent in some cosmetics and skin care products. | Serine is classified as a nutritionally non-essential amino acid. Serine is critical for the production of the body's proteins, enzymes and muscle tissue. Serine is needed for the proper metabolism of fats and fatty acids. It also helps in the production of antibodies. Serine is used as a natural moisturizing agent in ... | L-Serine plays a role in cell growth and development (cellular proliferation). The conversion of L-serine to glycine by serine hydroxymethyltransferase results in the formation of the one-carbon units necessary for the synthesis of the purine bases, adenine and guanine. These bases when linked to the phosphate ester of... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"investigational",
"nutraceutical"
] | [] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "3.85",
"description": "L-serine powder",
"unit": "g"
}
] | [] | (S)-2-Amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid | (S)-Serine | alpha-Amino-beta-hydroxypropionic acid | beta-Hydroxyalanine | L-Serine | Ser | Serina | Serine | Serinum | 4.2.1.22 | Beta-thionase | Serine sulfhydrase | 4.3.1.17 | Hepatic serine dehydratase | hSDH | L-serine deaminase | L-threonine dehydratase | SDH | TDH | 5.1.1.1... | [
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose",
"2.5%travasol Amino Acid InJ.W.eleC.W.25%dex",
"2.75% Travas. Amino Acid InJ.W.elecw.25%dex",
"2.75%travasol Amino Acid InJ.W.eleC.W.5%dex.",
"20% Prosol",
"4.25% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose",
"4.... | [] | [
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II and Dextrose",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn II with Electrolytes in Dextrose with Calcium",
"Aminosyn II with Electrolytes in Dextrose w... | [
"P35520",
"P20132",
"Q9GZT4",
"O15270",
"O15269",
"P49591",
"P21549"
] | [] | [] | [
"Q8TF71"
] |
DB00134 | Methionine | A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. | solid | Used for protein synthesis including the formation of SAMe, L-homocysteine, L-cysteine, taurine, and sulfate. | L-Methionine is a principle supplier of sulfur which prevents disorders of the hair, skin and nails; helps lower cholesterol levels by increasing the liver's production of lecithin; reduces liver fat and protects the kidneys; a natural chelating agent for heavy metals; regulates the formation of ammonia and creates amm... | The mechanism of the possible anti-hepatotoxic activity of L-methionine is not entirely clear. It is thought that metabolism of high doses of acetaminophen in the liver lead to decreased levels of hepatic glutathione and increased oxidative stress. L-methionine is a precursor to L-cysteine. L-cysteine itself may have a... | Absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine into the enterocytes by an active transport process. | Hepatic | Doses of L-methionine of up to 250 mg daily are generally well tolerated. Higher doses may cause nausea, vomiting and headache. Healthy adults taking 8 grams of L-methionine daily for four days were found to have reduced serum folate levels and leucocytosis. Healthy adults taking 13.9 grams of L-methionine daily for fi... | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"approved",
"nutraceutical"
] | [
"V03AB",
"V03A",
"V03",
"V"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "0.03",
"description": "Methionine powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.26",
"description": "Dl-methionine powder",
"unit": "g"
}
] | [] | (2S)-2-amino-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoic acid | (S)-2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid | (S)-2-amino-4-(methylthio)butyric acid | (S)-methionine | L-(−)-methionine | L-a-Amino-g-methylthiobutyric acid | L-Methionin | L-Methionine | L-α-amino-γ-methylmercaptobutyric acid | M | Met | Methionine | 1.16.1.8 | AqCbl reducta... | [
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose",
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Clinimix",
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection Without Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Quickmix",
"2.5%travasol Amino Acid InJ.W.eleC.W.25%dex",
"2.75% Travas. Amino Aci... | [
"Acimethin"
] | [
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II and Dextrose",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn II with Electrolytes in Dextrose with Calcium",
"Aminosyn II with Electrolytes in Dextrose w... | [
"Q9UBK8",
"Q99707",
"P50579",
"Q93088",
"Q9H2M3"
] | [
"P31153",
"Q9Y3D2",
"Q00266",
"Q9NZV6",
"Q9UJ68",
"P56192",
"Q96GW9",
"Q9NZL9",
"Q9H2M3",
"P15104",
"P42898"
] | [] | [
"Q8TF71"
] |
DB00145 | Glycine | A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. | solid | Supplemental glycine may have antispastic activity. Very early findings suggest it may also have antipsychotic activity as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. | Helps trigger the release of oxygen to the energy requiring cell-making process; Important in the manufacturing of hormones responsible for a strong immune system. | In the CNS, there exist strychnine-sensitive glycine binding sites as well as strychnine-insensitive glycine binding sites. The strychnine-insensitive glycine-binding site is located on the NMDA receptor complex. The strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor complex is comprised of a chloride channel and is a member of the... | Absorbed from the small intestine via an active transport mechanism. | Hepatic | ORL-RAT LD<sub>50</sub> 7930 mg/kg, SCU-RAT LD<sub>50</sub> 5200 mg/kg, IVN-RAT LD<sub>50</sub> 2600 mg/kg, ORL-MUS LD<sub>50</sub> 4920 mg/kg; Doses of 1 gram daily are very well tolerated. Mild gastrointestinal symptoms are infrequently noted. In one study doses of 90 grams daily were also well tole. | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"approved",
"nutraceutical",
"vet_approved"
] | [
"B05CX",
"B05C",
"B05",
"B"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "0.02",
"description": "Glycine 1.5% irrigation",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.03",
"description": "Amino acetic acid powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.03",
"description": "Glycine powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.31",
"description": "Diluent ... | [] | Aminoacetic acid | Aminoessigsäure | Aminoethanoic acid | Glicina | Gly | Glycin | Glycine | Glycocoll | Glykokoll | Glyzin | Leimzucker | GluN2A | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-1 | hNR2A | N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2A | NMDAR2A | NR2A | 2.3.1.29 | AKB ligase | Aminoacetone synthase | Glycine ac... | [
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose",
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Clinimix",
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection Without Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Quickmix",
"2.5%travasol Amino Acid InJ.W.eleC.W.25%dex",
"2.75% Travas. Amino Aci... | [
"Gyn-Hydralin"
] | [
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II and Dextrose",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn II with Electrolytes in Dextrose with Calcium",
"Aminosyn II with Electrolytes in Dextrose w... | [
"Q12879",
"O75600",
"P13196",
"P22557",
"P41250",
"Q14032",
"Q14330",
"P48637",
"Q14957",
"Q53ET4",
"Q6IB77",
"P34897",
"Q8WU03",
"Q969I3",
"Q9BYV1",
"Q9P0Z9",
"O60391",
"P23415",
"P21549",
"P48167",
"P34896",
"O75311",
"P23416",
"Q14749",
"P50440"
] | [
"P48728",
"P23378",
"P09622",
"P23434"
] | [] | [
"Q8TF71",
"Q7Z2H8",
"Q9H598",
"Q9Y345",
"P48067"
] |
DB00148 | Creatine | An amino acid derivative that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. | solid | For nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance. | Creatine is a essential, non-proteinaceous amino acid derivative found in all animals. It is synthesized in the kidney, liver, and pancreas from L-arginine, glycine and L-methionine. Following its biosynthesis, creatine is transported to the skeletal muscle, heart, brain and other tissues. Most of the creatine is metab... | In the muscles, a fraction of the total creatine binds to phosphate - forming creatine phosphate. The reaction is catalysed by creatine kinase, and the result is phosphocreatine (PCr). Phosphocreatine binds with adenosine diphosphate to convert it back to ATP (adenosine triphosphate), an important cellular energy sourc... | null | null | null | 3 hours | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"approved",
"investigational",
"nutraceutical"
] | [] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "0.01",
"description": "Creatine powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.07",
"description": "Cytotine 1.5 g/15 ml liquid",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.81",
"description": "Creatine monohydrate powder",
"unit": "g"
}
] | [] | ((amino(Imino)methyl)(methyl)amino)acetic acid | (alpha-Methylguanido)acetic acid | (N-methylcarbamimidamido)acetic acid | (α-methylguanido)acetic acid | alpha-Methylguanidino acetic acid | Creatin | Creatine | Kreatin | Methylglycocyamine | N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine | N-amidinosarcosine | N-carbamimidoyl-N-... | [
"Ginsamin Energy"
] | [] | [
"Ginsamin Energy"
] | [
"P06732",
"P12532",
"P12277",
"P17540",
"P48029",
"Q14353"
] | [] | [] | [
"O76082"
] |
DB00151 | Cysteine | A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. | solid | For the prevention of liver damage and kidney damage associated with overdoses of acetaminophen | Due to this ability to undergo redox reactions, cysteine has antioxidant properties. Cysteine is an important source of sulfur in human metabolism, and although it is classified as a non-essential amino acid, cysteine may be essential for infants, the elderly, and individuals with certain metabolic disease or who suffe... | Cysteine can usually be synthesized by the human body under normal physiological conditions if a sufficient quantity of methionine is available. Cysteine is typically synthesized in the human body when there is sufficient methionine available. Cysteine exhibits antioxidant properties and participates in redox reactions... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"approved",
"nutraceutical"
] | [] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "1.65",
"description": "L-cysteine powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.3",
"description": "L-cysteine hcl powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.4",
"description": "L-cysteine 50 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
}
] | [
{
"approved": "2019-11-19",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2039-01-15",
"number": "10478453"
},
{
"approved": "2019-12-03",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2039-03-15",
"number": "10493051"
},
{
"approved": "2020-01-28",
"country": "United States",
... | (2R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid | (2R)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid | (R)-2-Amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid | Cisteina | Cisteinum | Cys | Cysteine | Cysteinum | Free Cysteine | L-2-Amino-3-mercaptopropionic acid | L-Cys | L-Cystein | L-cysteine | L-Zystein | Gamma-ECS regulatory subunit | Gamma-glutamylcystei... | [
"8.5% Freamine III",
"Aminoderm Poudre",
"Aminosyn HF",
"Cicatrin Powder",
"Cysteine Hydrochloride",
"Cysteine Hydrochloride",
"Distilpure Msm",
"Elcys",
"Elcys",
"FreAmine HBC",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"HepatAmine",
"Hepatasol"... | [
"Nouress"
] | [
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"Hepatasol",
"Hepatasol",
"Aminosyn HF",
"Distilpure Msm",
"Medi Msm (methyl Sulfonyl Methane)",
"HepatAmine",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"NephrAmine",
"Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid)",
"Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid)",
"Fr... | [
"P48507",
"P48506",
"P17174",
"P00505",
"P32929",
"P35520",
"P49589",
"P16455",
"P48637",
"Q9HA77",
"Q9Y600",
"Q9Y697",
"Q16878"
] | [] | [] | [
"Q8TF71"
] |
DB00855 | Aminolevulinic acid | A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and glycine as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a photochemotherapy for actinic keratosis. [PubChem] | solid | As a topical gel, aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is indicated for lesion-directed and field-directed treatment of actinic keratoses (AKs) of mild-to-moderate severity on the face and scalp in combination with photodynamic therapy (PDT) using BF-RhodoLED® lamp, a narrowband, red light illumination source.[L40343] As a topica... | The metabolism of aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is the first step in the biochemical pathway resulting in heme synthesis. Aminolevulinic acid is not a photosensitizer, but rather a metabolic precursor of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), which is a photosensitizer. The synthesis of ALA is normally tightly controlled by feedback in... | According to the presumed mechanism of action, photosensitization following application of aminolevulinic acid (ALA) topical solution occurs through the metabolic conversion of ALA to protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), which accumulates in the skin to which aminolevulinic acid has been applied. When exposed to light of appropri... | Oral bioavailability is 50-60%.
### **Topical gel**
Pharmacokinetics (PK) of aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and PpIX was evaluated in a trial of 12 adult subjects with mild to moderate AK with at least 10 AK lesions on the face or forehead. A single dose of one entire tube of ALA (2 grams) was applied under occlusion for ... | Exogenous aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is metabolized to PpIX, but the fraction of administered ALA that is metabolized to PpIX is unknown. The average plasma AUC of PpIX is less than 6% of that of ALA.[L40353] | There are no available human data on aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in pregnant women to inform a drug-associated risk of adverse developmental outcomes. In animal reproduction studies, no adverse developmental effects were observed with oral ALA HCl administration to pregnant rabbits during organogenesis at doses 3 times t... | The mean ± SD elimination half-life (t<sub>1/2</sub>) of aminolevulinic acid was 5.7 ± 3.9 hours for the topical solution formulation and the mean half-life was 0.9 ± 1.2 hours for the oral solution formulation.[L40348,L40353] In another pharmacokinetic studies with 6 healthy volunteers using a 128 mg dose, the mean ha... | In in vitro experiments using aminolevulinic acid (ALA) concentrations up to approximately 25% of the maximal concentration that occurs in plasma following the recommended dose of ALA solution, the mean protein binding of ALA was 12%.[L40353] | In 12 healthy subjects, excretion of parent aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in urine in the 12 hours following administration of the recommended dose of ALA solution was 34 + 8% (mean + std dev) with a range of 27% to 57%.[L40353] | In healthy volunteers, the administration of aminolevulinic acid resulted in a volume of distribution of 9.3 ± 2.8 L intravenously and 14.5 ± 2.5 orally.[11961050] | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"approved"
] | [
"L01XD",
"L01X",
"L01",
"L"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "170.25",
"description": "Levulan kerastick",
"unit": "each"
}
] | [
{
"approved": "1995-06-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2009-07-28",
"number": "5422093"
},
{
"approved": "1999-09-21",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-10-31",
"number": "5954703"
},
{
"approved": "2004-03-23",
"country": "United States",
... | 5-ALA | 5-Aminolevulinic acid | ácido 5-aminolevulínico | Aminolevulinic acid | dALA | δ-ALA | δ-aminolevulinic acid | 1.3.3.4 | PPO | 4.2.1.24 | ALADH | Porphobilinogen synthase | Intestinal H(+)/peptide cotransporter | Oligopeptide transporter, small intestine isoform | PEPT1 | Peptide transporter 1 | Kidney H(+)/pep... | [
"Ameluz",
"Ameluz",
"Gleolan",
"Gleolan",
"Gleolan",
"Gliolan",
"Gliolan",
"Gliolan",
"Levulan Kerastick",
"Levulan Kerastick"
] | [
"Levulan"
] | [] | [
"P50336",
"P13716"
] | [] | [] | [
"P46059",
"Q16348"
] |
DB01378 | Magnesium cation | Magnesium hydroxide is used primarily in "Milk of Magnesia", a white aqueous, mildly alkaline suspension of magnesium hydroxide formulated at about 8%w/v. Milk of magnesia is primarily used to alleviate constipation, but can also be used to relieve indigestion and heartburn. When taken internally by mouth as a laxative... | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Inorganic compounds | Homogeneous metal compounds | Homogeneous alkaline earth metal compounds | null | [
"approved",
"nutraceutical"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | Magnesium ion | Magnesium, ion(Mg2+) | 7.2.2.13 | Na(+)/K(+) ATPase alpha-1 subunit | Sodium pump subunit alpha-1 | [] | [] | [] | [
"P05023"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB01593 | Zinc | A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with anemia, short stature, hypogonadism, impaired wound healing,... | solid | Zinc can be used for the treatment and prevention of zinc deficiency/its consequences, including stunted growth and acute diarrhea in children, and slowed wound healing. It is also utilized for boosting the immune system, treating the common cold and recurrent ear infections, as well as preventing lower respiratory tra... | Zinc is involved in various aspects of cellular metabolism. It has been estimated that approximately 10% of human proteins may bind zinc, in addition to hundreds of proteins that transport and traffic zinc. It is required for the catalytic activity of more than 200 enzymes, and it plays a role in immune function wound ... | **Zinc has three primary biological roles**: _catalytic_, _structural_, and _regulatory_. The catalytic and structural role of zinc is well established, and there are various noteworthy reviews on these functions. For example, zinc is a structural constituent in numerous proteins, inclusive of growth factors, cytokines... | Zinc is absorbed in the small intestine by a carrier-mediated mechanism [L2092]. Under regular physiologic conditions, transport processes of uptake do not saturate. The exact amount of zinc absorbed is difficult to determine because zinc is secreted into the gut. Zinc administered in aqueous solutions to fasting subje... | Zinc is released from food as free ions during its digestion. These freed ions may then combine with endogenously secreted ligands before their transport into the enterocytes in the duodenum and jejunum. [L2092]. Selected transport proteins may facilitate the passage of zinc across the cell membrane into the hepatic ci... | According to the Toxnet database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, the oral LD50 for zinc is close to 3 g/kg body weight, more than 10-fold higher than cadmium and 50-fold higher than mercury [L1887].
The LD50 values of several zinc compounds (ranging from 186 to 623 mg zinc/kg/day) have been measured in rat... | The half-life of zinc in humans is approximately 280 days [L2091]. | Approximately 60-70% of the zinc in circulation is bound to albumin. Any condition that alters serum albumin concentration may have a secondary effect on serum zinc levels [L2092, L2211]. | The excretion of zinc through gastrointestinal tract accounts for approximately one-half of all zinc eliminated from the body [L2092].
Considerable amounts of zinc are secreted through both biliary and intestinal secretions, however most is reabsorbed. This is an important process in the regulation of zinc balance.... | A pharmacokinetic study was done in rats to determine the distribution and other metabolic indexes of zinc in two particle sizes. It was found that zinc particles were mainly distributed to organs including the liver, lung, and kidney within 72 hours without any significant difference being found according to particle... | In one study of healthy patients, the clearance of zinc was found to be 0.63 ± 0.39 μg/min [L2101]. | Inorganic compounds | Homogeneous metal compounds | Homogeneous transition metal compounds | null | [
"approved",
"investigational"
] | [
"C05AX",
"C05A",
"C05",
"C"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [] | [] | Zinc, chelated | Zinc, elemental | Zincum metallicum | Zn | B1R | BK-1 receptor | BRADYB1 | 2.1.1.63 | 6-O-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase | MGMT | O-6-methylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase | 4.1.2.13 | ALDA | Lung cancer antigen NY-LU-1 | Muscle-type aldolase | 3.6.5.- | EEF1A | eEF1A-1 | EF-1-alpha-1 | EF-Tu | EF1A ... | [
"24 Multivitamins + Minerals",
"50 Plus Multiple Vitamins & Minerals",
"A + Zinc",
"A.B.C. Formula #1",
"A.R.T.H. Away Formula",
"A/o-26 - Caplet",
"Aces Caplet",
"Aces Tab",
"Acetabolan III Vitamin and Mineral Supplement",
"Acetabolan-II Vitamin and Mineral Supplement",
"Acti-cal/mag 2:1 + Zinc... | [] | [
"RE FAC-x",
"Reaphirm Plant Source DHA",
"CitraNatal Assure",
"Vitafol Plus",
"O-Cal Prenatal Vitamin",
"Escavite",
"PreNatal Vitamins Plus",
"Select OB",
"Strovite Forte Caplet",
"Nata Komplete",
"PreNatal Vitamins Plus",
"QBx (formerly known as PHI-5, K041059)",
"Tricare Prenatal 2-part Da... | [
"P46663",
"P16455",
"P04075",
"P68104",
"P06733",
"O14556",
"P15531",
"P07237",
"P30101",
"Q06830",
"P78330",
"P60174",
"P49411",
"P03372",
"P08700",
"P02795",
"O14618",
"Q13547",
"P56524",
"P29372",
"P04279",
"P00441",
"Q9BY41",
"O15304",
"P23415",
"Q00987",
"P01... | [
"P00915"
] | [] | [] |
DB02083 | N,N-dimethylglycine | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | (dimethylamino)acetic acid | 2-(Dimethylamino)acetic acid | Dimethylglycine | N-Methylsarcosine | N,N-Dimethylaminoacetic acid | 1.5.3.1 | MSOX | sox | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |
DB02751 | Glycocyamine | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | Amidinoglycine | Betacyamine | Guanidineacetic acid | Guanidoacetic acid | Guanyl glycine | N-(aminoiminomethyl)glycine | N-amidinoglycine | 2.1.1.2 | [] | [] | [] | [
"Q14353"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB02951 | 3-Hydroxypyruvic Acid | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Hydroxy acids and derivatives | Beta hydroxy acids and derivatives | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 5.3.1.1 | TIM | Triose-phosphate isomerase | 4.1.3.3 | N-acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase | N-acetylneuraminic acid aldolase | NAL | NALase | Sialate lyase | Sialic acid aldolase | Sialic acid lyase | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |
DB02957 | Orotidylic acid | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues | Pyrimidine nucleotides | Pyrimidine ribonucleotides | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 5-(Dihydrogen phosphate)orotidine | 6-carboxy-5'-uridylic acid | orotidine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate) | Orotidine 5'-monophosphate | Orotidine 5'-phosphate | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |
DB03147 | Flavin adenine dinucleotide | A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)
Flavin adenine dinucleotide is approved for use in Japan under the trade name Adeflavin as an ophthalm... | solid | Used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin B2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis. | null | null | null | null | Oral mouse LD50 > 7000 mg/kg.
Intravenous mouse LD50 589 mg/kg. | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues | Flavin nucleotides | null | [
"approved"
] | [] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [] | [] | Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate), 5'-5'-ester with riboflavine | adenosine 5'-[3-(riboflavin-5'-yl) dihydrogen diphosphate] | FAD | Flavin adenine dinucleotide | Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide | Flavine adenine dinucleotide | Riboflavin 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), 5'-5'-ester with adenosine | Riboflavin 5'-adeno... | [
"BumP DHA",
"BumP DHA",
"EnBrace HR",
"Enl",
"EnLyte",
"PaxLyte",
"PramLyte"
] | [
"Adeflavin",
"Flaziren"
] | [
"PramLyte",
"BumP DHA",
"BumP DHA",
"EnLyte",
"EnBrace HR",
"Enl",
"PaxLyte"
] | [
"P16083",
"P29475",
"Q12882",
"P47989",
"P00390",
"P15559",
"P21397",
"Q16881",
"P27338",
"Q16795",
"Q86YB8",
"P00387",
"P26440",
"Q9UKU7",
"O95831",
"P16435",
"Q92947",
"P11310",
"P14920",
"P16219",
"Q96RQ9",
"P09622",
"Q9UHQ9",
"P22570",
"Q15067",
"P55789"
] | [
"P27338"
] | [] | [] |
DB03587 | Pyruvaldehyde | An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals. [PubChem] | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic oxygen compounds | Organooxygen compounds | Carbonyl compounds | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 2-ketopropionaldehyde | 2-oxopropanal | Acetyl formaldehyde | Acetylformyl | alpha-ketopropionaldehyde | Methyl glyoxal | Methylglyoxal | Pyruvic aldehyde | ANKTM1 | Ankyrin-like with transmembrane domains protein 1 | p120 | Transformation-sensitive protein p120 | Wasabi receptor | 3.1.1.4 | Group IB phospholipase A2 |... | [] | [] | [] | [
"O75762",
"P04054"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB03843 | Formaldehyde | A highly reactive aldehyde gas formed by oxidation or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. In solution, it has a wide range of uses: in the manufacture of resins and textiles, as a disinfectant, and as a laboratory fixative or preservative. Formaldehyde solution (formalin) is considered a hazardous compound, and its ... | gas | Use for drying skin before or after surgical removal of warts or where dryness is required. | null | null | null | null | Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 42 mg/kg [Mouse]. | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic oxygen compounds | Organooxygen compounds | Carbonyl compounds | [
"approved",
"vet_approved"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | Formaldehído | Formaldehyd | Formaldehyde | Formaldehyde solution | Formalin | Formic aldehyde | Formol | Methanal | Methyl aldehyde | Methylene oxide | Oxomethane | Oxomethylene | Oxymethylene | Paraform | ANKTM1 | Ankyrin-like with transmembrane domains protein 1 | p120 | Transformation-sensitive protein p120 | Wasab... | [
"British Army Foot Pwr",
"Forma-Ray",
"Formadon",
"Formalaz",
"Formaldehyde",
"Formaldehyde",
"Root Canal Therapy",
"T.R.U.E. Test Thin-Layer Rapid Use Patch Test"
] | [] | [
"T.R.U.E. Test Thin-Layer Rapid Use Patch Test",
"British Army Foot Pwr",
"Root Canal Therapy"
] | [
"O75762"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB03915 | 2-Amino-3-Ketobutyric Acid | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 2.3.1.29 | AKB ligase | Glycine acetyltransferase | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |
DB03929 | D-Serine | A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids. [PubChem] | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"approved",
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | GluN1 | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit zeta-1 | hNR1 | N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1 | NMD-R1 | NMDAR1 | Glycine receptor 48 kDa subunit | Glycine receptor strychnine-binding subunit | Protein T4-A | SCCA | SCCA-1 | SCCA1 | Squamous cell carcinoma antigen 1 | Head protein GPshp | Aromatic amino acid tran... | [] | [] | [] | [
"Q05586",
"P23415",
"P29508"
] | [] | [] | [
"Q8TF71",
"Q9UN76"
] |
DB04343 | Glyoxylic acid | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 2.3.3.9 | glc | MSG | 4.1.3.1 | ICL | Isocitrase | Isocitratase | 2.3.3.9 | 4.1.3.17 | HMG aldolase | OAA decarboxylase | Oxaloacetate decarboxylase | Regulator of ribonuclease activity homolog | RraA-like protein | MCT 4 | MCT3 | MCT4 | Solute carrier family 16 member 3 | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [
"O15427"
] |
DB04522 | Dexfosfoserine | The phosphoric acid ester of serine. | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | Dexfosfoserine | Phosphoserine | Serine phosphate | 2.7.11.1 | hPDK1 | PDK1 | 2.4.1.1 | Myophosphorylase | 2.7.11.13 | nPKC-theta | PRKCT | 2.7.11.1 | 2.4.1.1 | 5.4.2.2 | PMM / PGM | 2.7.11.11 | PKA C-alpha | PKACA | Stage II sporulation protein AA | MS11 antigen | Pilin | 3.1.3.1 | APase | OPN2 | Opsin-2 | Protein T4-... | [] | [] | [] | [
"O15530",
"P11217",
"Q04759",
"P11309",
"P06737",
"P17612",
"P08100",
"P29508",
"Q9UL54",
"Q03721",
"P05451",
"Q15796",
"P13569"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB04553 | 2-Oxobutanoic Acid | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Keto acids and derivatives | Short-chain keto acids and derivatives | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 3.5.99.7 | ACC deaminase | 2.1.3.1 | Transcarboxylase 5S subunit | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |
DB00126 | Ascorbic acid | A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic path... | solid | Used to treat vitamin C deficiency, scurvy, delayed wound and bone healing, urine acidification, and in general as an antioxidant. It has also been suggested to be an effective antiviral agent. | Ascorbic Acid (vitamin C) is a water-soluble vitamin indicated for the prevention and treatment of scurvy, as ascorbic acid deficiency results in scurvy. Collagenous structures are primarily affected, and lesions develop in bones and blood vessels. Administration of ascorbic acid completely reverses the symptoms of asc... | In humans, an exogenous source of ascorbic acid is required for collagen formation and tissue repair by acting as a cofactor in the posttranslational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins. Ascorbic acid is reversibly oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid in the body. These ... | 70% to 90% | Hepatic. Ascorbic acid is reversibly oxidised (by removal of the hydrogen from the enediol group of ascorbic acid) to dehydroascorbic acid. The two forms found in body fluids are physiologically active. Some ascorbic acid is metabolized to inactive compounds including ascorbic acid-2-sulfate and oxalic acid. | null | 16 days (3.4 hours in people who have excess levels of vitamin C) | 25% | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organoheterocyclic compounds | Dihydrofurans | Furanones | [
"approved",
"nutraceutical"
] | [
"G01AD",
"G01A",
"G01",
"G",
"A11GA",
"A11G",
"A11",
"A",
"A11GB",
"A11G",
"A11",
"A",
"S01XA",
"S01X",
"S01",
"S"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "1.21",
"description": "Cenolate 1 gm/2 ml ampul",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.74",
"description": "Cenolate 500 mg/1 ml ampul",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.02",
"description": "CVS Pharmacy vitamin c 500 mg caplet",
"unit": "caplet"
},
{
"cost": "0.02... | [
{
"approved": "2007-01-30",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-09-01",
"number": "7169381"
},
{
"approved": "2010-02-09",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-09-01",
"number": "7658914"
},
{
"approved": "2016-05-03",
"country": "United States",
... | acide ascorbique | ácido ascórbico | Acidum ascorbicum | acidum ascorbinicum | Ascorbate | Ascorbic acid | Ascorbinsäure | L-(+)-ascorbic acid | L-Ascorbate | L-Ascorbic Acid | Vitamin C | Vitamina C | hSVCT2 | KIAA0238 | Na(+)/L-ascorbic acid transporter 2 | NBTL1 | Nucleobase transporter-like 1 protein | SLC23A1 | So... | [
"24 Multivitamins + Minerals",
"50 Plus",
"50 Plus Multiple Vitamins & Minerals",
"A & C Powder",
"A.C.E.S. Capsules",
"Abavite",
"Acerotab",
"Aces Formula/formule A A S",
"Acetabolan III Vitamin and Mineral Supplement",
"Acetabolan-II Vitamin and Mineral Supplement",
"Acetaminophen, Ascorbic ac... | [
"Ascoltin",
"Ascorbicap"
] | [
"Multivit with Fluoride",
"Multivit with Fluoride",
"Multivit with Fluoride",
"RE Nata",
"Edge OB",
"Inatal Advance",
"INATAL Ultra",
"Renate",
"VitaPhil Aide",
"Renate",
"Renate",
"Tricon",
"Renate DHA",
"Renate",
"Prenatal Plus",
"Moviprep",
"Multi Vitamin and Mineral vitamin",
"... | [
"Q9UGH3",
"Q9UHI7",
"O00469",
"O14832",
"O60568",
"O75936",
"P09172",
"P19021",
"Q32P28",
"Q8IVL5",
"Q8IVL6",
"P13674",
"Q8N543",
"Q6N063",
"Q6NS38",
"Q96Q83",
"Q9BY66",
"Q02809",
"Q9NVH6",
"Q9NXG6",
"Q9GZT9",
"Q96KS0",
"Q9H6Z9"
] | [
"Q16881"
] | [
"P02768"
] | [
"Q9UHI7",
"Q9UGH3",
"P11166",
"P11169",
"P14672"
] |
DB00135 | Tyrosine | Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from [phenylalanine]. It is also the precursor of [epinephrine], thyroid hormones, and melanin. | solid | Tyrosine is claimed to act as an effective antidepressant, however results are mixed. Tyrosine has also been claimed to reduce stress and combat narcolepsy and chronic fatigue, however these claims have been refuted by some studies. | Tyrosine is a nonessential amino acid synthesized in the body from phenylalanine. Tyrosine is critical for the production of the body's proteins, enzymes and muscle tissue. Tyrosine is a precursor to the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine. It can act as a mood elevator and an anti-depressant. It may improve ... | Tyrosine is produced in cells by hydroxylating the essential amino acid phenylalanine. This relationship is much like that between cysteine and methionine. Half of the phenylalanine required goes into the production of tyrosine; if the diet is rich in tyrosine itself, the requirements for phenylalanine are reduced by a... | L-tyrosine is absorbed from the small intestine by a sodium-dependent active transport process. | In the liver, L-tyrosine is involved in a number of biochemical reactions, including protein synthesis and oxidative catabolic reactions. L-tyrosine that is not metabolized in the liver is distributed via the systemic circulation to the various tissues of the body. | L-Tyrosine has very low toxicity. There have been very few reports of toxicity. LD<sub>50</sub> (oral, rat) > 5110 mg/kg. | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"approved",
"investigational",
"nutraceutical"
] | [] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "1.16",
"description": "Tyrosine powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.94",
"description": "L-tyrosine powder",
"unit": "g"
}
] | [] | (−)-α-amino-p-hydroxyhydrocinnamic acid | (2S)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid | (S)-(-)-Tyrosine | (S)-2-Amino-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid | (S)-3-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)alanine | (S)-alpha-amino-4-Hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid | (S)-Tyrosine | (S)-α-amino-4-hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid | 4-hydroxy-L-phenylal... | [
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose",
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Clinimix",
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection Without Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Quickmix",
"2.5%travasol Amino Acid InJ.W.eleC.W.25%dex",
"2.75% Travas. Amino Aci... | [] | [
"Appformin",
"Appformin-D",
"Appbutamone-D",
"Appbutamone",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Travasol",
"Travasol",
"Travasol",
"RenAmin",
"Travasol",
"Travasol",
"Plenamine",
"Plenamine",
"Clinimix",
"Clinimix",
"Clinimix",
"Clinimix",
"Clinimix... | [
"P07101",
"Q9Y2Z4",
"P54577",
"P17735"
] | [] | [] | [
"P36021",
"Q8TF71"
] |
DB00360 | Sapropterin | Sapropterin (tetrahydrobiopterin or BH4) is a cofactor in the synthesis of nitric oxide. It is also essential in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine by the enzyme phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase; the conversion of tyrosine to L-dopa by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase; and conversion of tryptophan to 5-hydroxytrypto... | solid | For the treatment of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiency. | Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is used to convert several amino acids, including phenylalanine, to other essential molecules in the body including neurotransmitters. Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency can be caused by mutations in GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1), 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase/dimerization cofactor of hepatoc... | Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a natural co-factor or co-enzyme for phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase (PAH),Tetrahydrobiopterine, and tryptophan-5-hydroxylase. Tetrahydrobiopterin is also a natural co-factor for nitrate oxide synthase. Therefore BH4 is required for the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine, for the productio... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organoheterocyclic compounds | Pteridines and derivatives | Pterins and derivatives | [
"approved",
"investigational"
] | [
"A16AX",
"A16A",
"A16",
"A"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "36.5",
"description": "Kuvan 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] | [
{
"approved": "2010-03-09",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2024-11-17",
"number": "2545968"
},
{
"approved": "2009-07-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2025-05-17",
"number": "7566714"
},
{
"approved": "2009-11-03",
"country": "United States",
"expire... | (−)-(6R)-2-amino-6-((1R,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4(3H)-pteridinone | (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin | (6R)-L-erythro-tetrahydrobiopterin | 2-Amino-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydoro-4(1H)-pteridinone | 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrobiopterin | 6R-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin | 6R-BH4 | 6R-L-5... | [
"Javygtor",
"Javygtor",
"Javygtor",
"Kuvan",
"Kuvan",
"Kuvan",
"Kuvan",
"Kuvan",
"Kuvan",
"Kuvan",
"Kuvan",
"Kuvan",
"Kuvan",
"Kuvan",
"Reddy-sapropterin",
"Reddy-sapropterin",
"Sapropterin Dihydrochloride",
"Sapropterin Dihydrochloride",
"Sapropterin Dihydrochloride",
"Sapropt... | [
"BH4",
"Biopten"
] | [] | [
"P00439",
"P29474",
"P07101",
"P17752"
] | [
"P35354"
] | [] | [
"P08183"
] |
DB00368 | Norepinephrine | Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants... | solid | Mainly used to treat patients in vasodilatory shock states such as septic shock and neurogenic shock and has shown a survival benefit over dopamine. Also used as a vasopressor medication for patients with critical hypotension. | Noradrenaline acts on both alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors to cause vasoconstriction. Its effect in-vitro is often limited to the increasing of blood pressure through antagonising alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors and causing a resultant increase in systemic vascular resistance. | Norepinephrine functions as a peripheral vasoconstrictor by acting on alpha-adrenergic receptors. It is also an inotropic stimulator of the heart and dilator of coronary arteries as a result of it's activity at the beta-adrenergic receptors. | null | null | In high dose and especially when it is combined with other vasopressors, it can lead to limb ischemia and limb death. | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Benzenoids | Phenols | Benzenediols | [
"approved"
] | [
"C01CA",
"C01C",
"C01",
"C"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "1.49",
"description": "Levophed 1 mg/ml ampul",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "2.68",
"description": "Norepinephrine 4 mg/4 ml amp",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.16",
"description": "Norepinephrine-d5w 4 mg/250 ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.16",
"de... | [
{
"approved": "2021-01-12",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2039-04-26",
"number": "10888534"
},
{
"approved": "2018-01-30",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2038-01-30",
"number": "11413259"
},
{
"approved": "2019-09-24",
"country": "United States",
... | (−)-arterenol | (−)-noradrenaline | (−)-norepinephrine | (R)-(−)-norepinephrine | (R)-4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol | (R)-noradrenaline | (R)-norepinephrine | 4-[(1R)-2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,2-benzenediol | Arterenol | L-noradrenaline | L-Norepinephrine | Nor-adrenaline | Noradrenaline | Norepinefrina | ... | [
"Levophed",
"Levophed",
"Levophed",
"Levophed",
"Levophed",
"Levophed",
"Levophed Liq IV 1.0mg/ml",
"Levophed(r) Norepinephrine Bitartrate",
"Norepinephr Bitart",
"Norepinephrine",
"Norepinephrine",
"Norepinephrine",
"Norepinephrine",
"Norepinephrine Bitartrate",
"Norepinephrine Bitartra... | [] | [] | [
"P35348",
"P35368",
"P25100",
"P08913",
"P18089",
"P18825",
"P08588",
"P07550",
"P13945",
"P00439",
"Q05940",
"P54219"
] | [] | [] | [
"P23975",
"O15244",
"O75751",
"O76082",
"O15245",
"Q01860"
] |
DB00668 | Epinephrine | Epinephrine, also known as _adrenaline_, is a hormone and neurotransmitter and produced by the adrenal glands that can also be used as a drug due to its various important functions. Though it has long been used in the treatment of hypersensitivity reactions, epinephrine in the auto-injector form (EpiPen) has been avail... | solid | Epinephrine injection and nasal spray are indicated in the emergency treatment of type I allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis.[L41260, L51798] Epinephrine injection is also used to increase mean arterial blood pressure in adult patients with hypotension associated with septic shock.[L41260]
Epinephrine's cardia... | Epinephrine is a sympathomimetic drug. It causes an adrenergic receptive mechanism on effector cells and mimics all actions of the sympathetic nervous system except those on the facial arteries and sweat glands [F1247].
Important effects of epinephrine include increased heart rate, myocardial contractility, and ren... | Epinephrine acts on alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors. Epinephrine acts on alpha and beta receptors and is the strongest alpha receptor activator [F1247]. Through its action on alpha-adrenergic receptors, epinephrine minimizes the vasodilation and increased the vascular permeability that occurs during anaphylaxis, wh... | Following I.V. (intravenous) injection, epinephrine disappears rapidly from the blood stream. Subcutaneously or I.M. (intramuscular) administered epinephrine has a rapid onset and short duration of action. Subcutaneous (SC) administration during asthmatic attacks may produce bronchodilation within 5 to 10 minutes, and ... | Epinephrine is rapidly inactivated mainly by enzymic transformation to metanephrine or normetanephrine, either of which is then conjugated and excreted in the urine in the form of both sulfates and glucuronides. Either sequence results in the formation of 3-methoxy-4- hydroxy-mandelic acid(vanillylmandelic acid, VMA) w... | Skin, LD<sub>50</sub> = 62 mg/kg (rat) [MSDS]
**Pregnancy**
Epinephrine is teratogenic in rats when given in doses about 25 times the human doses. It is unknown whether epinephrine can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. Epinephrine should be given to a preg... | The plasma half-life is approximately 2-3 minutes. However, when administered by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, local vasoconstriction may delay absorption so that epinephrine's effects may last longer than the half-life suggests [L4361]. | null | The majority of the dose of epinephrine is seen excreted in the urine [L4361], [FDA label].
About 40% of a parenteral dose of epinephrine is excreted in urine as metanephrine, 40% as VMA, 7% as 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenoglycol, 2% as 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid, and the rest as acetylated derivatives. These metabolites ... | null | Intravenous injection produces an immediate and intensified response. Following intravenous injection, epinephrine disappears rapidly from the blood stream [F2136]. | Organic compounds | Benzenoids | Phenols | Benzenediols | [
"approved",
"vet_approved"
] | [
"A01AD",
"A01A",
"A01",
"A",
"R03AK",
"R03A",
"R03",
"R",
"B02BC",
"B02B",
"B02",
"B",
"C01CA",
"C01C",
"C01",
"C",
"S01EA",
"S01E",
"S01",
"S",
"R01AA",
"R01A",
"R01",
"R",
"R03AA",
"R03A",
"R03",
"R",
"S01EA",
"S01E",
"S01",
"S"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "1.0",
"description": "Primatene mist inhaler",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.32",
"description": "Epinephrine 0.1 mg/ml syringe",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.42",
"description": "Adrenalin cl 1 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "2.9",
"descript... | [
{
"approved": "1997-09-09",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2013-05-27",
"number": "5665071"
},
{
"approved": "2010-09-14",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2025-09-11",
"number": "7794432"
},
{
"approved": "2014-10-28",
"country": "United States",
... | (−)-(R)-epinephrine | (−)-3,4-dihydroxy-α-((methylamino)methyl)benzyl alcohol | (−)-adrenaline | (R)-(-)-Adnephrine | (R)-(-)-Adrenaline | (R)-(-)-Epinephrine | (R)-(-)-Epirenamine | (R)-(−)-adrenaline | 1,2-BENZENEDIOL, 4-(1-HYDROXY-2-(METHYLAMINO)ETHYL)-, (R)- | 4-((1R)-1-HYDROXY-2-(METHYLAMINO)ETHYL)-1,2-BENZENEDIOL... | [
"2% Lidocaine and Epinephrine 1:100,000 Injection USP",
"4% Astracaine Dental With Epinephrine 1:200,000 (0.005mg/ml)",
"4% Astracaine Dental With Epinephrine 1:200,000 (0.005mg/ml)",
"4% Astracaine Dental With Epinephrine Forte 1:100,000 (0.01mg/ml)",
"4% Astracaine Dental With Epinephrine Forte 1:100,000 ... | [
"Epi EZ Pen JR"
] | [
"Septocaine",
"SENSORCAINE MPF with Epinephrine",
"SENSORCAINE MPF with Epinephrine",
"SENSORCAINE MPF with Epinephrine",
"SENSORCAINE MPF with Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine",
"Lidocaine",
"Octocaine 100",
"Prilocaine Hydrochlorid... | [
"P35348",
"P35368",
"P08588",
"P07550",
"P08913",
"P18089",
"P25100",
"P01375"
] | [
"P11712",
"P08684",
"P21964",
"P21397",
"P27338"
] | [] | [
"O15244",
"O15245"
] |
DB00988 | Dopamine | One of the catecholamine neurotransmitters in the brain. It is derived from tyrosine and is the precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (receptors, dopamine) mediate its action. | solid | For the correction of hemodynamic imbalances present in the shock syndrome due to myocardial infarction, trauma, endotoxic septicemia, open-heart surgery, renal failure, and chronic cardiac decompensation as in congestive failure | Dopamine is a natural catecholamine formed by the decarboxylation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). It is a precursor to norepinephrine in noradrenergic nerves and is also a neurotransmitter in certain areas of the central nervous system, especially in the nigrostriatal tract, and in a few peripheral sympathetic ne... | Dopamine is a precursor to norepinephrine in noradrenergic nerves and is also a neurotransmitter in certain areas of the central nervous system. Dopamine produces positive chronotropic and inotropic effects on the myocardium, resulting in increased heart rate and cardiac contractility. This is accomplished directly by ... | Dopamine is rapidly absorbed from the small intestine. | Biotransformation of dopamine proceeds rapidly to yield the principal excretion products, 3-4-dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid (homovanillic acid, HVA). | LD<sub>50</sub> oral mice = 1460 mg/kg, LD<sub>50</sub> oral rats = 1780 mg/kg. Spasm or closing of eyelids, nausea, vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias, involuntary movements of the body including the face, tongue, arms, hand, head, and upper body; hypotension, haemolytic anaemia, urinary retention, duodenal ulcer, sialorrh... | 2 minutes | No information currently available on protein binding. | It has been reported that about 80% of the drug is excreted in the urine within 24 hours, primarily as HVA and its sulfate and glucuronide conjugates and as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid.
A very small portion is excreted unchanged. | null | null | Organic compounds | Benzenoids | Phenols | Benzenediols | [
"approved"
] | [
"C01CA",
"C01C",
"C01",
"C"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "0.04",
"description": "Dopamine 400 mg-d5w 250 ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.05",
"description": "Dopamine 800 mg-d5w 500 ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.15",
"description": "Dopamine 40 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
}
] | [] | 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine | 3-Hydroxytyramine | 3,4-Dihydroxyphenethylamine | 4-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol | 4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol | 4-(2-aminoethyl)catechol | 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol | Dopamina | Dopamine | Dopaminum | Oxytyramine | Dopamine D2 receptor | Dopamine D1 receptor | D(5) dopamin... | [
"Dopamine",
"Dopamine Hci",
"Dopamine Hci",
"Dopamine Hci In 5% Dextrose",
"Dopamine HCl",
"Dopamine HCl",
"Dopamine HCl",
"Dopamine HCl",
"Dopamine HCl",
"Dopamine HCl",
"Dopamine HCl 0.8mg/ml Dextrose 5% Inj USP",
"Dopamine HCl 1.6mg/ml Dextrose 5% Inj USP",
"Dopamine HCl 3.2mg/ml Dextrose... | [
"Intropin",
"Revimine"
] | [
"Dopamine Hydrochloride in Dextrose",
"Dopamine Hydrochloride in Dextrose",
"Dopamine Hydrochloride in Dextrose",
"Dopamine Hydrochloride in Dextrose",
"Dopamine Hydrochloride in Dextrose",
"Myocard-DX",
"Myocard-DX",
"Dopamine HCl 3.2mg/ml Dextrose 5% Inj USP",
"Dopamine HCl 1.6mg/ml Dextrose 5% In... | [
"P14416",
"P21728",
"P21918",
"P35462",
"P21917",
"Q01959",
"P09172",
"P08908",
"P34969",
"P21728",
"P21918",
"P23975",
"P31645",
"P46098",
"O95264",
"P00441",
"Q05940"
] | [
"P09172",
"P21397",
"P27338",
"P21964"
] | [] | [
"O15244",
"O15245",
"O75751",
"O76082",
"Q01860"
] |
DB01235 | Levodopa | Levodopa is a prodrug of dopamine that is administered to patients with Parkinson's due to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier[Label]. Levodopa can be metabolised to dopamine on either side of the blood-brain barrier and so it is generally administered with a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor like carbidopa to prev... | solid | Levodopa on its own is formulated as an oral inhalation powder indicated for intermittent treatment of off episodes in Parkinson's patients who are already being treated with carbidopa and levodopa[FDA Label]. Levodopa is most commonly formulated as an oral tablet with a peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor indicate... | Levodopa is able to cross the blood-brain barrier while dopamine is not[FDA Label,F4579]. The addition of a peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor prevents the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery so that more levodopa can reach the blood-brain barrier[Label,F4579]. Once past the blood-brain barrier, le... | Levodopa by various routes crosses the blood brain barrier, is decarboxylated to form dopamine[Label,F4579]. This supplemental dopamine performs the role that endogenous dopamine cannot due to a decrease of natural concentrations and stimulates dopaminergic receptors[Label,F4579]. | Orally inhaled levodopa reaches a peak concentration in 0.5 hours with a bioavailability than is 70% that of the immediate release levodopa tablets with a peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor like carbidopa or benserazide[Label,A177781]. | Levodopa is either converted to dopamine by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase or O-methylated to 3-O-methyldopa by catechol-O-methyltransferase[Label,A177745,A177733]. 3-O-methyldopa cannot be metabolized to dopamine[A177733]. Once levodopa is converted to dopamine, it is converted to sulfated or glucuronidated metab... | There is no readily available data for the use of levodopa in pregnancy[Label]. Rabbits treated with levodopa and carbidopa produced smaller litters and their offspring developed visceral and skeletal deformities[Label]. Levodopa may lower prolactin and interfere with lactation but there is limited human data to demons... | 2.3 hours for orally inhaled levodopa[FDA Label]. Oral levodopa has a half life of 50 minutes but when combined with a peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, the half life is increased to 1.5 hours[F4579]. | Levodopa binding to plasma proteins is negligible[A177817]. | After 48 hours, 0.17% of an orally administered dose is recovered in stool, 0.28% is exhaled, and 78.4% is recovered in urine[A177805] | 168L for orally inhaled levodopa[Label]. | Intravenously administered levodopa is cleared at a rate of 14.2mL/min/kg in elderly patients and 23.4mL/min/kg in younger patients[A177802]. When given carbidopa, the clearance of levodopa was 5.8mL/min/kg in elderyly patients and 9.3mL/min/kg in younger patients[A177802]. | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"approved"
] | [
"N04BA",
"N04B",
"N04",
"N",
"N04BA",
"N04B",
"N04",
"N",
"N04BA",
"N04B",
"N04",
"N"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "7.31",
"description": "Levodopa powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "15.19",
"description": "L-dopa powder",
"unit": "g"
}
] | [
{
"approved": "2002-12-31",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2020-06-29",
"number": "6500867"
},
{
"approved": "2004-09-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2020-06-29",
"number": "6797732"
},
{
"approved": "2015-07-28",
"country": "United States",
... | (−)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine | (−)-dopa | 3-Hydroxy-L-tyrosine | 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine | Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine | L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine | L-beta-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)alanine | L-DOPA | Levodopa | Levodopum | β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine | β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanine | Dopamine D1 rece... | [
"Aa-levocarb CR",
"Aa-levocarb CR",
"Ag-levocarb",
"Ag-levocarb",
"Ag-levocarb",
"Apo-levocarb",
"Apo-levocarb",
"Apo-levocarb",
"Auro-levocarb",
"Auro-levocarb",
"Auro-levocarb",
"Carbidopa and Levodopa",
"Carbidopa and Levodopa",
"Carbidopa and Levodopa",
"Carbidopa and Levodopa",
"C... | [
"Bidopal",
"Dopar",
"Doparl",
"Dopasol",
"Dopaston"
] | [
"Parcopa",
"Parcopa",
"Parcopa",
"Carbidopa and Levodopa",
"Carbidopa and Levodopa",
"Carbidopa and Levodopa",
"Sinemet CR",
"Sinemet CR",
"Sinemet CR",
"Sinemet",
"Sinemet",
"Sinemet",
"Sinemet",
"Sinemet",
"Carbidopa and Levodopa",
"Carbidopa and Levodopa",
"Carbidopa and Levodopa"... | [
"P21728",
"P21918",
"P14416",
"P35462",
"P21917"
] | [
"P20711"
] | [
"P02768"
] | [
"P46059",
"Q8TF71",
"Q01650",
"Q9UHI5"
] |
DB01592 | Iron | A metallic element found in certain minerals, in nearly all soils, and in mineral waters. It is an essential constituent of hemoglobin, cytochrome, and other components of respiratory enzyme systems. Its chief functions are in the transport of oxygen to tissue (hemoglobin) and in cellular oxidation mechanisms. Depletio... | solid | Used in preventing and treating iron-deficiency anemia. | The major activity of supplemental iron is in the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anemia. Iron has putative immune-enhancing, anticarcinogenic and cognition-enhancing activities. | Iron is necessary for the production of hemoglobin. Iron-deficiency can lead to decreased production of hemoglobin and a microcytic, hypochromic anemia. | The efficiency of absorption depends on the salt form, the amount administered, the dosing regimen and the size of iron stores. Subjects with normal iron stores absorb 10% to 35% of an iron dose. Those who are iron deficient may absorb up to 95% of an iron dose. | null | Acute iron overdosage can be divided into four stages. In the first stage, which occurs up to six hours after ingestion, the principal symptoms are vomiting and diarrhea. Other symptoms include hypotension, tachycardia and CNS depression ranging from lethargy to coma. The second phase may occur at 6-24 hours after inge... | null | null | null | null | null | Inorganic compounds | Homogeneous metal compounds | Homogeneous transition metal compounds | null | [
"approved"
] | [
"B03AE",
"B03A",
"B03",
"B",
"A11AA",
"A11A",
"A11",
"A",
"B03AE",
"B03A",
"B03",
"B",
"B03AE",
"B03A",
"B03",
"B",
"B03AE",
"B03A",
"B03",
"B"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "0.04",
"description": "Ferrous sulfate 28 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.29",
"description": "Iron chews 15 mg tablet chew",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] | [
{
"approved": "2003-12-23",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-04-06",
"number": "6667050"
}
] | Carbonyl iron | Eisen | Electrolytic iron | Fe | fer | Ferrum | Ferrum metallicum | Hierro | Iron powder | Iron, carbonyl | Iron, electrolytic | Iron, elemental | Iron, reduced | Reduced iron | Alpha-globin | Hemoglobin alpha chain | p90 | T9 | TfR | TfR1 | TR | Trfr | 1.14.11.29 | C1orf12 | HIF-PH2 | HIF-prolyl hydrox... | [
"Active FE",
"Active FE",
"Active OB",
"Actyform",
"Advanced B & T Formula",
"BioFerr 90",
"BumP DHA",
"BumP DHA",
"Calcium Et Magnesium Plus Vitamine D/fe/zn",
"Cavan Alpha",
"Cavan Heme OB",
"Cavan One",
"Centratex",
"Chela Iron Plus C,b Complex",
"Chelamins Plus Tab",
"Chelated Iron... | [
"Ed-In-Sol",
"Fe-40",
"Feosol",
"Feostat",
"Fer-In-Sol",
"Feratab",
"Ferate",
"Fergon",
"Ferralet",
"Ferretts",
"Ferro sanol",
"Ferro-Caps",
"Ferro-Time",
"Ferrousal",
"Siderol",
"Simron",
"Slow Fe",
"Vitedyn-Slo",
"Yieronia"
] | [
"RE Nata",
"Edge OB",
"Inatal Advance",
"INATAL Ultra",
"Renate",
"VitaPhil Aide",
"Renate",
"Renate",
"Renate DHA",
"Renate",
"Re Kar C Plus",
"Multi-Nate 30",
"Vitaphil DHA",
"Ferrex 28",
"Iron",
"Docosavit",
"Reaphirm Plant Source DHA",
"Ferrex 150 Forte Plus",
"Vinate AZ",
... | [
"P69905",
"P02786",
"Q9GZT9",
"Q9BY41",
"Q9NZD4",
"Q16595",
"P02794",
"P39748",
"Q96FI4",
"Q969S2",
"P06746",
"P00450",
"P02787"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB01702 | 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)Acetic Acid | A deaminated metabolite of levodopa. [PubChem] | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Benzenoids | Phenols | Benzenediols | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 3.5.1.11 | Penicillin G amidase | Penicillin G amidohydrolase | 1.13.11.3 | 3,4-PCD | 1.13.11.3 | 3,4-PCD | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |
DB01762 | Acetoacetic acid | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Keto acids and derivatives | Short-chain keto acids and derivatives | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 3-ketobutanoic acid | 3-Ketobutyric acid | 3-Oxobutanoic acid | 3-Oxobutyric acid | beta-Ketobutyric acid | 3.7.1.2 | Beta-diketonase | FAA | Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase | MCT 2 | MCT2 | Solute carrier family 16 member 7 | MCT 1 | MCT1 | Solute carrier family 16 member 1 | MCT 4 | MCT3 | MCT4 | Solute carrier family ... | [] | [] | [] | [
"P16930"
] | [] | [] | [
"O60669",
"P53985",
"O15427",
"Q8N695"
] |
DB01828 | Methylamine | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic nitrogen compounds | Organonitrogen compounds | Amines | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | Ammonia transporter | ybaG | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |
DB02232 | 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Benzenoids | Phenols | Benzenediols | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 4.2.1.1 | CA-IV | Carbonate dehydratase IV | Carbonic anhydrase IV | 4.2.1.1 | CA-II | CAC | Carbonate dehydratase II | Carbonic anhydrase C | Carbonic anhydrase II | Cyanamide hydratase CA2 | 4.2.1.1 | CA-XII | Carbonate dehydratase XII | Carbonic anhydrase XII | Tumor antigen HOM-RCC-3.1.3 | 1,2-CTD | 1.13.11.1 | 1.1... | [] | [] | [] | [
"P22748",
"P00918",
"O43570"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB03205 | Pyrroloquinoline Quinone | A pyrrolo-quinoline having two adjacent keto-groups at the 4 and 5 positions and three acidic carboxyl groups. It is a coenzyme of some DEHYDROGENASES. [PubChem] | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organoheterocyclic compounds | Quinolines and derivatives | Pyrroloquinolines | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 1.1.9.1 | Alcohol dehydrogenase (azurin) | QH-EDH1 | Quinohemoprotein ethanol dehydrogenase type I | 1.1.5.2 | Glucose dehydrogenase B [pyrroloquinoline-quinone] | s-GDH | Soluble glucose dehydrogenase | 1.3.3.11 | Coenzyme PQQ synthesis protein C | Pyrroloquinoline quinone biosynthesis protein C | 1.1.2.8 | QEDH | 1.1... | [
"Nmnpqq"
] | [] | [
"Nmnpqq"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] |
DB07718 | 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Benzenoids | Benzene and substituted derivatives | Phenylpyruvic acid derivatives | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | (4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvic acid | (p-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvic acid | p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid | 3.4.21.5 | Coagulation factor II | 5.3.2.1 | GIF | GLIF | Glycosylation-inhibiting factor | L-dopachrome isomerase | L-dopachrome tautomerase | MIF | MMIF | Phenylpyruvate tautomerase | [] | [] | [] | [
"P00734",
"P14174"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB08327 | Homogentisic acid | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Benzenoids | Benzene and substituted derivatives | Phenylacetic acids | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 2,5-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid | Homogentisate acid | Homogentisic acid | Homogentisinic acid | 3.5.1.11 | Penicillin G amidase | Penicillin G amidohydrolase | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |
DB00117 | Histidine | An essential amino acid that is required for the production of histamine. | solid | The actions of supplemental L-histidine are entirely unclear. It may have some immunomodulatory as well as antioxidant activity. L-histidine may be indicated for use in some with rheumatoid arthritis. It is not indicated for treatment of anemia or uremia or for lowering serum cholesterol. | Is found abundantly in hemoglobin; has been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, allergic diseases, ulcers and anemia. A deficiency can cause poor hearing. | Since the actions of supplemental L-histidine are unclear, any postulated mechanism is entirely speculative. However, some facts are known about L-histidine and some of its metabolites, such as histamine and trans-urocanic acid, which suggest that supplemental L-histidine may one day be shown to have immunomodulatory a... | Absorbed from the small intestine via an active transport mechanism requiring the presence of sodium. | null | ORL-RAT LD<sub>50</sub> > 15000 mg/kg, IPR-RAT LD<sub>50</sub> > 8000 mg/kg, ORL-MUS LD<sub>50</sub> > 15000 mg/kg, IVN-MUS LD<sub>50</sub> > 2000 mg/kg; Mild gastrointestinal side effects. | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"investigational",
"nutraceutical"
] | [] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "0.32",
"description": "L-histidine mhc crystals",
"unit": "g"
}
] | [] | (S)-4-(2-Amino-2-carboxyethyl)imidazole | (S)-a-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoic acid | (S)-alpha-amino-1H-Imidazole-4-propanoic acid | (S)-alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionic acid | (S)-α-amino-1H-Imidazole-4-propanoic acid | HIS | Histidina | Histidine | L-(−)-histidine | L-Histidin | L-Histidine | 4.1.1.22 | HDC | 6.... | [
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose",
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Clinimix",
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection Without Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Quickmix",
"2.5%travasol Amino Acid InJ.W.eleC.W.25%dex",
"2.75% Travas. Amino Aci... | [] | [
"Trepoxen-250",
"Trepoxicam-7.5",
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II and Dextrose",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn II with Electrolytes in Dextrose with Calcium",
"Amino... | [
"P19113",
"P12081",
"Q99624",
"P42357"
] | [] | [] | [
"Q8TF71"
] |
DB00121 | Biotin | A water-soluble, enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk. | solid | For nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance. | Biotin is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin which is composed of an ureido ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring, which attaches a valeric acid substituent at one of its carbon atoms. Biotin is used in cell growth, the production of fatty acids, metabolism of fats, and amino acids. It plays a role in the Kreb cycl... | Biotin is necessary for the proper functioning of enzymes that transport carboxyl units and fix carbon dioxide, and is required for various metabolic functions, including gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, propionate metabolism, and catabolism of branched-chain amino acids. | Systemic - approximately 50% | null | Prolonged skin contact may cause irritation. | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organoheterocyclic compounds | Biotin and derivatives | null | [
"approved",
"investigational",
"nutraceutical"
] | [
"A11HA",
"A11H",
"A11",
"A"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "12.0",
"description": "D-biotin powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "14.69",
"description": "Biotin powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.03",
"description": "Biotin 300 mcg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.06",
"description": "Biotin 800 mcg ... | [] | (+)-cis-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4]imidazole-4-valeric acid | (3aS,4S,6aR)-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole-4-valeric acid | 5-(2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl)pentanoic acid | Biotin | Biotina | Biotine | Biotinum | cis-(+)-Tetrahydro-2-oxothieno[3,4]imidazoline-4-valeric acid | cis-Hexahydro-... | [
"24 Multivitamins + Minerals",
"5% Minoxidil Hair Growth Serum",
"5%Minoxidil Hair Growth Serum",
"50 Plus",
"50 Plus Multiple Vitamins & Minerals",
"574H Cell Care",
"Acti-biotin 300 Caplet 300mcg",
"Adeks - Dps",
"Adeks Tablets",
"Adult Formula 50+",
"Adult Infuvite Multiple Vitamins",
"Adul... | [
"Appearex",
"Biodermatin",
"Bioepiderm",
"Meribin",
"Nail-ex"
] | [
"VitaPhil Aide",
"Doll Lash",
"Bonogen Plus hair care shampoo",
"Bonogen hair care shampoo",
"Vitaphil DHA",
"RE FAC-x",
"Vinate AZ",
"RE Nata OB",
"Bonnoir Hair Medi",
"Vitaphil 90 DHA",
"Born Hair",
"Lancell hair loss prevention hair grower clean formula",
"Nephrocaps-QT",
"Escavite",
... | [
"P05166",
"P50747",
"Q9HCC0",
"O00763",
"Q96RQ3",
"P11498",
"P05165",
"Q13085"
] | [
"Q16678"
] | [] | [
"Q9Y289",
"Q8N695"
] |
DB00174 | Asparagine | A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from aspartic acid and ammonia by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed) | solid | Used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance. | A non-essential amino acid. Asparagine is critical for the production of the body's proteins, enzymes and muscle tissue. Supplements of this amino acid are claimed to balance nervous system function. | Asparagine, a non-essential amino acid is important in the metabolism of toxic ammonia in the body through the action of asparagine synthase which attaches ammonia to aspartic acid in an amidation reaction. Asparagine is also used as a structural component in many proteins. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"approved",
"investigational",
"nutraceutical"
] | [] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [] | [] | (2S)-2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid | (2S)-2,4-diamino-4-oxobutanoic acid | (S)-2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid | (S)-Asparagine | 2-Aminosuccinamic acid | alpha-aminosuccinamic acid | Asn | Asparagine | Aspartamic acid | L-2-aminosuccinamic acid | L-Asparagine | L-aspartic acid beta-amide | L-aspartic acid β-amid... | [
"EXODERMA Brightening Mellow Foam",
"EXODERMA Brightening Peeling Gel",
"EXODERMA Calming Toner Pad",
"The Classeum Co., Ltd.",
"The Classeum Co., Ltd.",
"The Classeum Co., Ltd."
] | [] | [
"The Classeum Co., Ltd.",
"The Classeum Co., Ltd.",
"The Classeum Co., Ltd.",
"EXODERMA Brightening Peeling Gel",
"EXODERMA Calming Toner Pad",
"EXODERMA Brightening Mellow Foam"
] | [
"Q9H2H9",
"Q96QD8",
"Q99624",
"Q969I6",
"Q15758",
"P08243",
"O43776",
"Q7L266",
"Q96I59"
] | [] | [] | [
"Q8TF71"
] |
DB01971 | trans-urocanic acid | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organoheterocyclic compounds | Azoles | Imidazoles | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | (2E)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)acrylic acid | (E)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-propenoic acid | Urocanic acid | 4.2.1.49 | Imidazolonepropionate hydrolase | Urocanase | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |
DB00161 | Valine | Valine is a branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. | solid | Promotes mental vigor, muscle coordination, and calm emotions. May also be of use in a minority of patients with hepatic encephalopathy and in some with phenylketonuria. | L-valine is a branched-chain essential amino acid (BCAA) that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. Valine is one of three branched-chain amino acids (the others are leucine and isoleucine) that enhance energy, increase endurance, ... | (Applies to Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine) This group of essential amino acids are identified as the branched-chain amino acids, BCAAs. Because this arrangement of carbon atoms cannot be made by humans, these amino acids are an essential element in the diet. The catabolism of all three compounds initiates in muscle an... | Absorbed from the small intestine by a sodium-dependent active-transport process. | Hepatic | Symptoms of hypoglycemia, increased mortality in ALS patients taking large doses of BCAAs. | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"approved",
"nutraceutical"
] | [] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "3.19",
"description": "L-valine crystal",
"unit": "g"
}
] | [] | (2S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutanoic acid | (S)-Valine | 2-Amino-3-methylbutyric acid | L-(+)-alpha-Aminoisovaleric acid | L-alpha-Amino-beta-methylbutyric acid | L-valin | L-valine | Val | Valine | 6.4.1.3 | PCCase subunit beta | Propanoyl-CoA:carbon dioxide ligase subunit beta | 2.6.1.42 | BCAT(c) | BCT1 | ECA39 | 6.1.1.9 |... | [
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose",
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Clinimix",
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection Without Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Quickmix",
"2.5%travasol Amino Acid InJ.W.eleC.W.25%dex",
"2.75% Travas. Amino Aci... | [] | [
"BranchAmin",
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II and Dextrose",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn II with Electrolytes in Dextrose with Calcium",
"Aminosyn II with Electrolyt... | [
"P05166",
"P54687",
"P26640"
] | [
"P26640",
"P05166",
"P54687"
] | [] | [
"Q8TF71"
] |
DB03107 | beta-Alanine | beta-Alanine is an amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of [dihydrouracil] and [carnosine]. Since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, the compound may be a false transmitter replacing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. A rare genetic disorder, hyper-beta-alaninemia, h... | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 3-aminopropanoic acid | 3-aminopropionic acid | beta-Alanine | β-alanine | β-aminopropionic acid | ω-aminopropionic acid | GABT3 | GAT-3 | GAT3 | Solute carrier family 6 member 11 | 6.3.2.1 | Pantoate--beta-alanine ligase | Pantoate-activating enzyme | PS | Aromatic amino acid transporter 1 | MCT 10 | MCT10 | Solute ca... | [] | [] | [] | [
"P48066"
] | [] | [] | [
"Q8TF71"
] |
DB03688 | Hydracrylic acid | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Hydroxy acids and derivatives | Beta hydroxy acids and derivatives | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 3-Hydroxypropanoic acid | 3-Hydroxypropionic acid | beta-Hydroxypropionic acid | β-hydroxypropionic acid | 3.1.1.85 | bioB | Biotin synthesis protein BioH | Carboxylesterase BioH | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |
DB03766 | Propanoic acid | Sodium propionate is the sodium salt of propionic acid that exists as colorless, transparent crystals or a granular crystalline powder. It is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) food ingredient by FDA, where it acts as an antimicrobial agent for food preservation and flavoring agent. Its use as a food additi... | solid | Propanoic acid and various direct sodium or calcium salt formulations of the acid are currently most commonly approved and indicated by organizations like the FDA and EMA for use as an antibacterial food additive preservative in animal feed and food for human consumption [L2715, L2716].
Similarly, although the use o... | As a naturally occurring carboxylic acid, propionic acid typically undergoes metabolism via conversion to propionyl coenzyme A (propionyl-CoA), which is part of the usual metabolic pathway that carboxylic acids participate within in the human body [A32977, L2722]. Most of propionic acid's antibacterial and preservative... | The metabolic fate of propionates varies in different microorganisms [L2722]. Some have enzyme systems that can convert succinate to propionyl-coenzyme A and through various further steps to propionate, CO2, or propionyl phoshpate [L2722]. Still others can convert propionic acid to B-alanine or directly to CO2 [L2722].... | Some propionic acid is oxidized to lactic acid during absorption, but most passes to the liver, which removes nearly all of it from the portal blood [L2725]. Propionic acid represents 20-25% of absorbed volatile fatty acids [L2725].
Propionic acid is rapidly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract [L2725]. | Propionic acid is first converted to propionyl coenzyme A (propionyl-CoA), however, it directly enter either beta oxidation or the citric acid cycles [L2722]. As propionic acid has three carbons, propionyl-CoA [L2722]. In the majority of vertebrates, propionyl-CoA is carboxylated to D-methylmalonyl-CoA, which is then i... | As a compound that is typically found naturally in the body, little to no adverse cumulative health effects have been associated with exposure to propionic acid [L2728]. Medical reports of acute exposures of workers to propionic acid show mild to moderate skin burns, mild eye redness, and one case of a mild cough and a... | The half-life of iv sodium propionate administered in the sheep animal model is about 6.9 +/- 0.4 minutes [L2725]. | Readily accessible data regarding the protein binding of propionic acid is not available. | Most absorbed propionic acid is passed to the liver, which removes nearly all of it from the portal blood [L2725].
Three days after a single oral administration of labeled sodium propionate, 77% of the radioactivity was found in expired air, and 7% in urine and feces [L2725]. | Three days after a single oral administration of labeled sodium propionate, 77% of the radioactivity was found in expired air, and 7% in urine and feces [L2725]. The radioactivity found in skin, liver, intestine, and adipose tissue was 3.9, 1.1, 0.9, and 0.7%, respectively [L2725].
Readily accessible data regarding ... | Readily accessible data regarding the clearance of propionic acid is not available. | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids | [
"approved",
"vet_approved"
] | [
"S01AX",
"S01A",
"S01",
"S"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [] | [] | Propionic acid | 5.1.1.1 | dal | GPH | KIAA1385 | 3.5.1.98 | HD1 | Protein deacetylase HDAC1 | Protein deacylase HDAC1 | RPD3L1 | 3.5.1.98 | HD11 | 3.5.1.98 | HD2 | Protein deacylase HDAC2 | 3.5.1.98 | HD3 | Protein deacetylase HDAC3 | Protein deacylase HDAC3 | RPD3-2 | SMAP45 | 3.5.1.98 | HD4 | KIAA0288 | 3.5.1.98 | A... | [
"Amino-cerv"
] | [] | [
"Amino-cerv"
] | [
"Q9NQX3"
] | [
"Q13547",
"Q96DB2",
"Q92769",
"O15379",
"P56524",
"Q9UQL6",
"Q9UBN7",
"Q8WUI4",
"Q9BY41",
"Q9UKV0",
"Q969S8"
] | [
"P15090"
] | [] |
DB04183 | Methylmalonic Acid | A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA. [PubChem] | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 2.1.3.1 | Transcarboxylase 12S subunit | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |
DB04524 | Malonyl-CoA | A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems. | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Lipids and lipid-like molecules | Fatty Acyls | Fatty acyl thioesters | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | Coenzyme A, S-(hydrogen propanedioate) | Malonyl coenzyme A | S-(Hydrogen malonyl)coenzyme A | 2.3.1.180 | 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase III | Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III | EcFabH | KAS III | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |
DB00139 | Succinic acid | A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionar... | solid | For nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance | null | Succinate is an essential component of the Krebs or citric acid cycle and serves an electron donor in the production of fumaric acid and FADH2. It also has been shown to be a good "natural" antibiotic because of its relative acidic or caustic nature (high concentrations can even cause burns). Succinate supplements have... | null | null | Oral rat LD<sub>50</sub>: 2260 mg/kg | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives | [
"approved",
"nutraceutical"
] | [] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "0.15",
"description": "Succinic acid cryst reagent",
"unit": "g"
}
] | [] | 1,2-ethanedicarboxylic acid | Acide butanedioïque | Acide succinique | Acidum succinicum | Amber acid | Asuccin | Bernsteinsäure | Butandisäure | Butanedioic acid | Butanedionic acid | Dihydrofumaric acid | Ethylenesuccinic acid | Spirit of amber | Succinic acid | 1.2.1.24 | Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 5 member A1 | ... | [
"FeRiva 21 7",
"Ferrex 150 Forte Plus",
"Ferrex 150 Plus",
"Ferrex 28",
"Ferrex 28",
"Iron Aspartate Glycinate and Polysaccharide Complex, Ascorbic Calcium, Vitamin B12, Folic Acid, Calcium Threonate and Succinic Acid",
"Iron Aspartate, Glycinate, Ascorbic Calcium, Vitamin B12, Calcium Threonate and Suc... | [] | [
"Ferrex 28",
"Ferrex 28",
"Ferrex 150 Forte Plus",
"Se-Vate 21/7",
"Ferrex 150 Plus",
"Iron Aspartate, Glycinate, Ascorbic Calcium, Vitamin B12, Calcium Threonate and Succinic Acid",
"Iron Fumarate and Aspartate, Glycinate, Ascorbic Calcium, Vitamin B12, Folic Acid, Calcium Threonate and Succinic Acid",... | [
"P51649",
"Q9BXA5"
] | [
"Q99643",
"P31040",
"Q96I99",
"P13674",
"O15460",
"O60568",
"Q32P28",
"Q8IVL5",
"Q8IVL6",
"P55809",
"Q12797"
] | [] | [
"Q8TCC7",
"Q9UBX3",
"Q9BZW2",
"Q13183",
"Q8WWT9"
] |
DB00172 | Proline | Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. Proline is sometimes called an imino acid, although the IUPAC definition of an imine requires a carbon-nitrogen double bond. Proline is a non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essent... | solid | L-Proline is extremely important for the proper functioning of joints and tendons and also helps maintain and strengthen heart muscles. | L-Proline is a major amino acid found in cartilage and is important for maintaining youthful skin as well as repair of muscle, connective tissue and skin damage. It is also essential for the immune system, and for necessary balance of this formula. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper fu... | Glycogenic, by L-Proline oxidase in the kidney, it is ring-opened and is oxidized to form L-Glutamic acid. L-Ornithine and L-Glutamic acid are converted to L-Proline via L-Glutamic acid-gamma-semialdehyde. It is contained abundantly in collagen, and is intimately involved in the function of arthrosis and chordae. | null | Hepatic | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"nutraceutical"
] | [] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "3.6",
"description": "L-proline crystal",
"unit": "g"
}
] | [] | (-)-2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid | (−)-(S)-proline | (−)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid | (−)-proline | (2S)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid | (S)-2-Carboxypyrrolidine | (S)-2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid | (S)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid | 2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid | L-(−)-proline | L-alpha-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid |... | [
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose",
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Clinimix",
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection Without Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Quickmix",
"2.5%travasol Amino Acid InJ.W.eleC.W.25%dex",
"2.75% Travas. Amino Aci... | [] | [
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II and Dextrose",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn II with Electrolytes in Dextrose with Calcium",
"Aminosyn II with Electrolytes in Dextrose w... | [
"P23284",
"P62937",
"P32322",
"P07814",
"Q9UN76",
"Q99884",
"Q96C36",
"O15460",
"O43272",
"O43447",
"O94903",
"P13674",
"P30405",
"P45877",
"Q13427",
"Q32P28",
"Q4W8W1",
"Q7L3T8",
"Q8IVL5",
"Q8IVL6",
"Q53H96",
"Q96EM0"
] | [
"O43272"
] | [] | [
"Q8TF71"
] |
DB00435 | Nitric Oxide | Nitric oxide or Nitrogen monoxide is a chemical compound with chemical formula NO. This gas is an important signaling molecule in the body of mammals including humans and is an extremely important intermediate in the chemical industry. It is also a toxic air pollutant produced by automobile engines and power plants.
... | liquid | For the treatment of term and near-term (>34 weeks) neonates with hypoxic respiratory failure | Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) occurs as a primary developmental defect or as a condition secondary to other diseases such as meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), pneumonia, sepsis, hyaline membrane disease, congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), and pulmonary hypoplasia. In these states, pulmon... | Nitric oxide is a compound produced by many cells of the body. It relaxes vascular smooth muscle by binding to the heme moiety of cytosolic guanylate cyclase, activating guanylate cyclase and increasing intracellular levels of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate, which then leads to vasodilation. When inhaled, nitric ... | Nitric oxide is absorbed systemically after inhalation. | via pulmonary capillary bed | null | 2–6 seconds | null | Nitrate has been identified as the predominant nitric oxide metabolite excreted in the urine, accounting for >70% of the nitric oxide dose inhaled. | null | null | Inorganic compounds | Homogeneous non-metal compounds | Other non-metal organides | Other non-metal oxides | [
"approved"
] | [
"R07AX",
"R07A",
"R07",
"R"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [] | [
{
"approved": "1996-01-23",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2013-01-23",
"number": "5485827"
},
{
"approved": "2007-11-27",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2015-04-03",
"number": "2186892"
},
{
"approved": "1998-03-31",
"country": "United States",
"expire... | EDRF | endothelium-derived relaxing factor | Mononitrogen monoxide | Monóxido de nitrógeno | Monoxyde d'azote | Nitric Oxide | Nitrogen monooxide | Nitrogen monoxide | Nitrosyl | NO | óxido de nitrógeno(II) | óxido nítrico | Oxyde azotique | Oxyde nitrique | Stickstoff(II)-oxid | Stickstoffmonoxid | 4.6.1.2 | GCS-alpha... | [
"695801540",
"Bio NO Brain Care (Helps improve Brain blood flow and body temperature, Fermented Garlic powder)",
"Bio NO more Joint Pain (Helps improve osteoarthritis and Immunity, Soybean and oplopanax elatus Nakai fermented powder)",
"Bio NO more Joint Pain (Helps improve osteoarthritis and immunity, Soybea... | [] | [
"Nitric Oxide Nitrogen Mix"
] | [
"Q02108",
"Q02153",
"P33402",
"P04731",
"P14902",
"P29474"
] | [
"P05091",
"P05177",
"P20813",
"P08684"
] | [] | [] |
DB02577 | Mesoheme | The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | |
DB02838 | 3,4-Dihydro-2h-Pyrrolium-5-Carboxylate | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organoheterocyclic compounds | Pyrrolines | null | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 1.4.3.3 | DAAO | DAMOX | DAO | [] | [] | [] | [
"P14920"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB03144 | N(5)-[(hydroxyamino)(imino)methyl]-L-ornithine | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | N-omega-hydroxy-L-arginine | 1.14.13.39 | cNOS | Constitutive NOS | EC-NOS | Endothelial NOS | eNOS | Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial | NOS type III | NOSIII | 1.14.13.39 | HEP-NOS | Hepatocyte NOS | Inducible NO synthase | Inducible NOS | iNOS | NOS type II | NOS2A | Peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase NOS2 | 1.14.13.3... | [] | [] | [] | [
"P29474",
"P35228",
"P29475",
"P05089"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB03247 | Flavin mononucleotide | A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues. | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues | Flavin nucleotides | null | [
"approved",
"investigational"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | FMN | riboflavin 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate) | riboflavin 5'-monophosphate | riboflavin 5'-phosphate | Riboflavin monophosphate | Riboflavin phosphate | Riboflavin-5-phosphate | riboflavine dihydrogen phosphate | Vitamin B2 (riboflavin-5-phosphate) | Vitamin B2 phosphate | 1.5.1.30 | Biliverdin reductase B | Biliverdin-I... | [
"Adult Infuvite Multiple Vitamins",
"Adult Infuvite Multiple Vitamins",
"Adult Infuvite Multiple Vitamins",
"Adult Infuvite Multiple Vitamins",
"Alsimine W Vitamins A D",
"B Complex W C and B12 Inj",
"B Virol",
"B-plex 100",
"Beminal Fortis Elx",
"Beminal With C Fortis Pws",
"BumP DHA",
"BumP ... | [] | [
"Vitamin B-Complex",
"Multi Vitamin Drops with Fluoride",
"Vitamin B Complex",
"Multi Vitamin, Iron and Fluoride",
"Multi Vitamin and Fluoride",
"Multi Vitamin Drops with Fluoride with Iron",
"Vitamin B Complex",
"BumP DHA",
"Multi Vitamin Drops with Fluoride",
"Multi-Vitamin Fluoride",
"Multi V... | [
"P30043",
"Q9UJM8",
"Q9NVS9",
"Q969G6",
"P29475",
"Q12882",
"Q02127",
"O00141",
"O75676",
"Q9NYQ3",
"P16435",
"Q96CD2"
] | [
"P16435"
] | [] | [] |
DB04388 | 4-Carboxy-4-Aminobutanal | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 3.5.1.38 | L-ASNase/L-GLNase | L-asparagine/L-glutamine amidohydrolase | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |
DB00847 | Cysteamine | Cystinosis is a rare disease caused by mutations in the CTNS gene that encodes for cystinosin, a protein responsible for transporting cystine out of the cell lysosome. A defect in cystinosin function is followed by cystine accumulation throughout the body, especially the eyes and kidneys.[A218721]
Several preparatio... | solid | The bitartrate salt of cysteamine is used for the oral treatment of nephropathic cystinosis and cystinuria in adults and children ≥6 years old.[L15616] The hydrochloride salt, used in eye drop preparations, is indicated for the treatment of corneal cystine crystal accumulation in patients with cystinosis.[L15601,L15606... | Cystine accumulation is the cause of organ damage in cystinosis. Cysteamine prevents the accumulation of cystine crystals in the body and is specifically prescribed to prevent kidney and eye damage.[A218931,L15601,L15616] Cysteamine converts cystine into a form that may easily exit cells, preventing harmful accumulatio... | Individuals born without the ability to metabolize cystine suffer from cystinosis, a rare genetic disorder characterized by the widespread accumulation of cystine crystals throughout the body and eye tissues. The cystine crystals may cause considerable damage, particularly in the renal tissues and corneal tissues. In s... | Orally administered cysteamine is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and reaches its maximum plasma concentration in about 1.4 hours, with some variation according to the type of formulation (delayed versus immediate-release).[A218941,A218936,L15616] One pharmacokinetic study of adults with Cystic Fibrosis reveale... | There is limited information in the literature regarding the metabolism of cysteamine. This drug undergoes significant first-pass metabolism.[A218946] | Two cases of human overdoses with cysteamine are recorded in the literature, according to prescribing information. In one case, vomiting was immediate after the administration of cysteamine, and the patient did not experience other symptoms. A 200 to 250 mg/kg dose was accidentally ingested by a healthy 13-month-old ch... | The half-life of cysteamine is about 3.7 hours.[A218941] | Cysteamine is 52% plasma protein bound, and is mostly bound to albumin.[L15616] | null | Cysteamine has a volume of distribution of about 129 L, according to one pharmacokinetic study.[A218941] Prescribing information indicates a volume of distribution of 382 L for the delayed-release formulation and 198 L for the immediate-release preparation.[L15616]
It is known to cross the blood-brain barrier.[A21894... | The plasma clearance of cysteamine is about 1.2 - 1.4 L/min.[L15616] One reference mentions a clearance of 89.9 L/h in patients with Cystic Fibrosis.[A218941] | Organic compounds | Organosulfur compounds | Thiols | Alkylthiols | [
"approved",
"investigational"
] | [
"A16AA",
"A16A",
"A16",
"A",
"S01XA",
"S01X",
"S01",
"S"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "1.28",
"description": "Cystagon 150 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.44",
"description": "Cystagon 50 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
}
] | [
{
"approved": "2015-11-24",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-07-26",
"number": "9192590"
},
{
"approved": "2015-12-01",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-07-26",
"number": "9198882"
},
{
"approved": "2011-09-27",
"country": "United States",
... | 2-amino-1-ethanethiol | 2-amino-ethanethiol | 2-aminoethanethiol | beta-aminoethanethiol | beta-Mercaptoethylamine | Cysteamine | MEA | Mercaptamina | Mercaptamine | Mercaptaminum | Thioethanolamine | β-aminoethylthiol | β-MEA | Growth hormone release-inhibiting factor | NPY-Y2 receptor | NPY2-R | Y2 receptor | 1.11.2.... | [
"Cystadrops",
"Cystadrops",
"Cystadrops",
"Cystadrops",
"Cystagon",
"Cystagon",
"Cystagon",
"Cystagon",
"Cystagon",
"Cystagon",
"Cystaran",
"Procysbi",
"Procysbi",
"Procysbi",
"Procysbi",
"Procysbi",
"Procysbi",
"Procysbi",
"Procysbi",
"Procysbi",
"Procysbi",
"PROCYSBI Dela... | [
"Cystagon",
"Cystaran",
"Procysbi"
] | [] | [
"P61278",
"P49146"
] | [
"P05164"
] | [
"P02768"
] | [] |
DB01956 | Taurine | Taurine, whose chemical name is 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is one of the most abundant amino acids in several organs. It plays important role in essential biological processes.[A31396] This conditional amino acid can be either be manufactured by the body or obtained in the diet mainly by the consumption of fish and me... | solid | The use of diet supplements containing taurine is indicated for the nutritional support of infants and young pediatric patients requiring total parenteral nutrition via central or peripheral routes. The usage of diet supplements containing taurine prevents nitrogen and weight loss or to treat negative nitrogen balance ... | The diet supplements containing taurine are formulated as a well-tolerated nitrogen source for nutritional support. Administration of diet supplements regulates the level of plasma amino acid concentration, nitrogen balance, weight and serum protein concentration to reach normal values, thus improving the nutritional s... | The diet supplements containing taurine function by replacing the missing nutriments in the body. Taurine, as a single agent, presents different functions like substrate for formation of bile salts, cell volume regulation, modulation of intracellular calcium, cytoprotection of central nervous system, etc.[A31398] | Oral administration of taurine was studied and it reported dose-dependent values of AUC, Cmax and tmax wherein a dose of 1-30 mg/kg ranged from 89-3452 mcg min/L, 2-15.7 mcg min/ml and 15 min respectively.[A31399] Further studies in healthy individuals gave an AUC, Cmax and tmax in the range of 116-284.5 mg h/L, 59-112... | Taurine can be metabolized by diverse organisms to form different types of metabolites derived from the original form of taurine. In the human, the pathways that form the metabolism of taurine are divided in the formation of 5-glutamyl-taurine by the action of the enzyme gamma-glutamyltransferase 6 or the formation of ... | The administration of taurine has been correlatefd to significant in the hypothalamus and the modification of neuroendocrine functions. Other than that, taurine administration in regular doses is reported by different articles and institutions to be safe.[A31406] | Oral administration of taurine in healthy individuals gave a plasma elimination half-life that ranged from 0.7-1.4 h.[A31400] | Taurine is highly bound to plasma proteins and retained in the plasma fraction.[A31405] | Taurine flows and gets distributed in veins and arteries and reports have observed the presence of a significant released of taurine in portally drained viscera, thus suggesting that the main elimination route of taurine is by the gut. This elimination route may be explained by the enterohepatic cycle of taurine.[A3140... | The distribution of taurine was studied under the two-compartment model and each one of the compartments gave a range for the volume of distribution of 299-353 ml/kg in compartment 1 and 4608-8374 ml/kg in compartment 2 in mice.[A31399] Further studies in healthy indivudals gave a volume of distribution that ranged fro... | The clearance rate of orally administered taurine was reported to be dose-dependent wherein a dose of 1 mg/kg it presents a clearance rate of 11.7 ml min/kg, 10 mg/kg generates a clearance rate of 18.7 ml min/kg and a dose of 30 mg/kg reports a clearance rate of 9.4 ml min/kg.[A31399] Further studies in healthy individ... | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Organic sulfonic acids and derivatives | Organosulfonic acids and derivatives | [
"approved",
"nutraceutical"
] | [] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [] | [] | Aminoethylsulfonic acid | Taurine | Taurineold | GluN2B | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-2 | hNR3 | N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2B | N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 3 | NMDAR2B | NR2B | NR3 | Glycine receptor 58 kDa subunit | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-1 | GABAAR subunit alpha-1 | GABA(A)... | [
"Aminosyn-PF",
"Aminosyn-PF",
"Aminosyn-PF",
"Aminosyn-PF",
"Aminosyn-PF 10%",
"Aminosyn-PF 7%",
"Drop",
"Drop",
"Essepna",
"Ginsamin Energy",
"Lingtea",
"Liquid",
"Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid)",
"Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid)",
"Primene",
"Primene 10%",
"Primene 10%-l... | [] | [
"Tozal",
"Aminosyn-PF",
"Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid)",
"Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid)",
"TrophAmine",
"TrophAmine",
"Primene",
"Aminosyn-PF",
"Aminosyn-PF",
"TrophAmine",
"Aminosyn-PF",
"Primene 10%-liq IV",
"Primene 10%",
"Essepna",
"Smofkabiven Electrolyte Free",
"Smo... | [
"Q13224",
"P48167",
"P23416",
"O75311",
"P14867",
"P47869",
"P34903",
"P48169",
"P31644",
"Q16445",
"P18505",
"P47870",
"P28472",
"O14764",
"P78334",
"Q8N1C3",
"P18507",
"Q99928",
"O00591",
"Q9UN88",
"Q9UBS5",
"P23415"
] | [
"O95932",
"Q14032"
] | [] | [
"Q7Z2H8",
"P31641",
"P46059"
] |
DB02285 | Protoporphyrin | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | Protoporphyrin IX | 5.3.99.2 | Glutathione S-transferase | Glutathione-dependent PGD synthase | Glutathione-requiring prostaglandin D synthase | GST class-sigma | GSTS | H-PGDS | PGDS | Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase | PTGDS2 | Ferritin L subunit | [] | [] | [] | [
"O60760",
"P02792"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB03435 | Uridine-5'-Diphosphate | A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety. [PubChem] | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues | Pyrimidine nucleotides | Pyrimidine ribonucleotides | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 5.1.3.14 | Bacteriophage N4 adsorption protein C | nfrC | rffE | UDP-GlcNAc-2-epimerase | yifF | A transferase | B transferase | Fucosylglycoprotein 3-alpha-galactosyltransferase | Fucosylglycoprotein alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase | Glycoprotein-fucosylgalactoside alpha-galactosyltransferase | Glycoprotein-fu... | [] | [] | [] | [
"P16442",
"Q9P2W7",
"Q9UBQ6",
"Q7Z4J2",
"P30085",
"O94766",
"P46976",
"Q13304"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB04461 | Coproporphyrinogen III | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organoheterocyclic compounds | Tetrapyrroles and derivatives | Porphyrins | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 3,8,13,17-tetramethyl-5,10,15,20,22,24-hexahydroporphyrin-2,7,12,18-tetrapropionic acid | 5,10,15,20,22,24-hexahydro-3,8,13,17-tetramethyl-21H,23H-porphine-2,7,12,18-tetrapropanoic acid | 4.1.1.37 | UPD | URO-D | [] | [] | [] | [
"P06132"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB07780 | Farnesyl diphosphate | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Lipids and lipid-like molecules | Prenol lipids | Sesquiterpenoids | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | (2E,6E)-farnesol diphosphate | (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate | (2E,6E)-farnesyl pyrophosphate | (all-E)-farnesyl diphosphate | (E,E)-farnesyl pyrophosphate | 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate | all-trans-farnesyl pyrophosphate | Farnesyl pyrophosphate | 2.5.1.21 | Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase | Farnesyl-d... | [] | [] | [] | [
"P37268",
"P49354",
"P49356",
"P01116",
"P14324",
"O95749",
"Q92696",
"P53611"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB00640 | Adenosine | The structure of adenosine was first described in 1931,[A229823] though the vasodilating effects were not described in literature until the 1940s.[A229828] Adenosine is indicated as an adjunct to thallium-201 in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy,[L31983] though it is rarely used in this indication, having largely been ... | solid | Adenosine is indicated as an adjunct to thallium-201 in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in patients unable to adequately exercise.[L31983] It is also indicated to convert sinus rhythm of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.[L31998] | Adenosine is indicated as an adjunct to thallium-201 in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy and also indicated for conversion of sinus rhythm of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.[L31983,L31998] Adenosine has a short duration of action as the half life is <10 seconds, and a wide therapeutic window.[L31983,L31998] P... | Agonism of adenosine receptors A1 and A2 reduces conduction time in the atrioventricular node of the heart.[A187466,A229818,L31983] Conduction time is decreased by inducing potassium efflux and inhibiting calcium influx through channels in nerve cells, leading to hyperpolarization and and increased threshold for calciu... | Data regarding the absorption of adenosine are not readily available.[A229813] | Adenosine can be phosphorylated by adenosine kinase to form adenosine monophosphate.[A229788,L31983] From there, it is phosphorylated again by adenylate kinase 1 to form adenosine diphosphate, and again by nucleoside diphosphate kinase A or B to form adenosine triphosphate.[A229788,L31983]
Alternatively, adenosine c... | Patients experiencing an overdose of adenosine may present with asystole, heart block, or cardiac ischemia; though the effects are generally short lived.[A187466] Patients experiencing an overdose should be treated with symptomatic and supportive care, which may include a slow intravenous injection of [theophylline].[L... | The half life of adenosine in blood is less than 10 seconds.[L31983] | Adenosine is bound to albumin in plasma, however data regarding the extent of binding are not readily available.[A229808] | Adenosine is predominantly eliminated in the urine as uric acid.[A229793,L31983] | Data regarding the volume of distribution of adenosine are not readily available.[A229813] | Data regarding the clearance of adenosine are not readily available.[A229813] | Organic compounds | Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues | Purine nucleosides | null | [
"approved",
"investigational"
] | [
"C01EB",
"C01E",
"C01",
"C"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "8.1",
"description": "Adenosine 6 mg/2 ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "8.44",
"description": "Adenosine 12 mg/4 ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "10.09",
"description": "Adenoscan 3 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "15.86",
"descriptio... | [
{
"approved": "1998-03-24",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2015-03-24",
"number": "5731296"
}
] | (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol | 6-Amino-9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-9H-purine | 9-beta-D-Ribofuranosidoadenine | 9-beta-D-Ribofuranosyl-9H-purin-6-amine | 9-β-D-ribofuranosyl-9H-purin-6-amine | Ade-Rib | Adenin riboside | Adenine Deoxyribonucleoside | Adenogesic | Adenosin | Adenosina... | [
"9tails Premium Wrinkle Power Lifting",
"A.H.c Cotton 100 Mask Multi Peptide",
"A.H.c Cotton 100 Mask Skin Ceramide",
"A.H.c Cotton 100 Mask Soy Isoflavone",
"A.H.c Cotton 100 Mask Triple Hyaluronic",
"A.H.c Cotton 100 Mask Triple Hyaluronic",
"A.H.C Real Eye For Face",
"A.H.C. Collagen Cream",
"A.H... | [
"Adenocor",
"Adenoject",
"Adenoz",
"Adenozer",
"Adesin",
"Adrekar",
"Atépadène",
"Cardimax",
"Cardiovert",
"Krenosin",
"Osiden",
"Pisdeno"
] | [
"Natural Sun AQ Total Anti-aging Essence Sun",
"Skin-ion",
"Dr G deWrinkle BOOSTER ample by EGF",
"Dr G deWrinkle REFORMER by EGF",
"Dr G deWrinkle FORTIFIER by EGF",
"Laser Rejuvenation restoring damage skin",
"Derma Blemish Balm blemish balm",
"Super Plus Beblesh Balm Triple Functions SPF50 Plus PA ... | [
"P30542",
"P29274",
"P29275",
"P0DMS8"
] | [
"P00568",
"P15531",
"P22392",
"P00491",
"P47989",
"P00813",
"P55263"
] | [
"P02768"
] | [
"Q99808",
"Q14542",
"Q9BZD2",
"Q7RTT9",
"O00337",
"O43868",
"P17302",
"Q9HAS3"
] |
DB02345 | Selenocysteine | A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid. [PubChem] | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 3-selenyl-L-alanine | L-selenocysteine | Selenium cysteine | 18 kDa cationic antimicrobial protein | CAP-18 | CAP18 | FALL39 | hCAP-18 | 2.7.4.6 | GAAD | Granzyme A-activated DNase | Metastasis inhibition factor nm23 | NDK A | NDP kinase A | NDPKA | NM23 | NM23-H1 | Tumor metastatic process-associated protein | 1.1.99.... | [
"Dialyvite 3000",
"Dialyvite 5000",
"Dialyvite Supreme D"
] | [] | [
"Dialyvite 5000",
"Dialyvite Supreme D",
"Dialyvite 3000"
] | [
"P49913",
"P15531"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB04151 | 1-Methylhistidine | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | (2S)-2-amino-3-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid | 1-methyl-L-histidine | N(tele)-methyl-L-histidine | Pi-methylhistidine | 3.6.4.- | ACTA | Alpha-actin-1 | [] | [] | [] | [
"P68133"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB01861 | Uridine diphosphate glucose | A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids. | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues | Pyrimidine nucleotides | Pyrimidine nucleotide sugars | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 5'-Diphosphoglucose | Co-galactoisomerase | Co-waldenase | Cogalactoisomerase | UDP-Glucose | UDPG | Uridine 5'-pyrophosphate glucose ester | Uridine-5'-Diphosphoglucose | 2.7.7.12 | Gal-1-P uridylyltransferase | galB | UDP-glucose--hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase | 5.1.3.2 | Galactowaldenase | UDP-galactose 4-e... | [] | [] | [] | [
"Q14376",
"Q7Z4J2",
"P46976",
"Q13304"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB03323 | Maltose | A dextrodisaccharide from malt and starch. It is used as a sweetening agent and fermentable intermediate in brewing (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic oxygen compounds | Organooxygen compounds | Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates | [
"experimental",
"investigational"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | D-(+)-maltose | Maltose anhydrous | 2.4.1.19 | CGTase | Cyclodextrin-glycosyltransferase | 1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase 2B | 3.2.1.1 | Carcinoid alpha-amylase | 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltohydrolase | 3.2.1.2 | 3.2.1.133 | Glucan 1,4-alpha-maltohydrolase | 2.4.1.1 | Maltodextrin-binding protein | MBP | MMBP | 3.2.1.... | [] | [] | [] | [
"P19961"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB00143 | Glutathione | A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides. | solid | For nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance | null | Glutathione (GSH) participates in leukotriene synthesis and is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. It also plays a role in the hepatic biotransformation and detoxification process; it acts as a hydrophilic molecule that is added to other lipophilic toxins or wastes prior to entering biliary excretion. It ... | Research suggests that glutathione is not orally bioactive, and that very little of oral glutathione tablets or capsules is actually absorbed by the body. | null | ORL-MUS LD<sub>50</sub> 5000 mg/kg, IPR-MUS LD<sub>50</sub> 4020 mg/kg, SCU-MUS LD<sub>50</sub> 5000 mg/kg, IVN-RBT LD<sub>50</sub> > 2000 mg/kg, IMS-MUS LD<sub>50</sub> 4000 mg/kg | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"approved",
"investigational",
"nutraceutical"
] | [
"V03AB",
"V03A",
"V03",
"V"
] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "3.0",
"description": "L-glutathione powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "10.71",
"description": "Glutathione-l reduced powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "21.32",
"description": "Glutathione crystals",
"unit": "g"
}
] | [] | 5-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine | AEC GLUTATHIONE | gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine | Glutathion | Glutathione | Glutathione-SH | GLYCINE, L-.GAMMA.-GLUTAMYL-L-CYSTEINYL- | GSH | L-GLUTATHIONE REDUCED | Liposomal glutathione | N-(N-gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl)glycine | Reduced glutathione | REDUCED L-GLUTATHIONE ... | [
"Deyanling(Cranberry Flavored Collagen Peptide)",
"Deyanling(Cranberry Flavored Collagen Peptide)",
"Gluta Whitening Lazy Cream",
"Haruto Hangover Defencepatch",
"K2LTS Brain Rhabilitation",
"Medi Tab",
"Oil",
"Tobakient",
"Vista Advanced AREDS2 Formula"
] | [
"Isethion"
] | [
"Tobakient",
"Vista Advanced AREDS2 Formula",
"Deyanling(Cranberry Flavored Collagen Peptide)",
"Deyanling(Cranberry Flavored Collagen Peptide)",
"Gluta Whitening Lazy Cream",
"Oil",
"Medi Tab"
] | [
"P15121",
"P14780",
"P08684",
"O75715",
"P07203",
"P18283",
"P22352",
"P59796",
"Q96SL4",
"P36969",
"Q8TED1",
"P00390",
"P48637",
"P09488",
"Q9Y2Q3",
"Q16772",
"P21266",
"O15217",
"Q03013",
"Q7RTV2",
"P09211",
"P78417",
"P07203",
"P18283",
"P30711",
"O43708",
"O75... | [
"P09210",
"P08263"
] | [] | [
"P33527",
"Q92887",
"O15438",
"O15439",
"O15440"
] |
DB01632 | 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate | The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic oxygen compounds | Organooxygen compounds | Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates | [
"approved",
"experimental",
"investigational"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 5-O-phosphono-α-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate | 5-Phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate | 5-Phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate | 5-Phosphoribosyl diphosphate | Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate | Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate | PRib-PP | PRPP | α-D-ribofuranose 5-(dihydrogen phosphate) 1-(trihydrogen diphosphate) | 2.4.2.22 | HGPRT ... | [] | [] | [] | [
"P00492",
"Q9NWZ5",
"P07741"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB01972 | Guanosine-5'-Monophosphate | Guanosine 5'-monophosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature. [PubChem] | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues | Purine nucleotides | Purine ribonucleotides | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 2.4.2.22 | HGPRT | 2.7.7.7 | 2.7.7.7 | HFLF2 | 3.1.4.35 | CGB-PDE | cGMP-binding cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase | PDE5 | Postsynaptic density protein 95 | PSD-95 | PSD95 | SAP-90 | SAP90 | Synapse-associated protein 90 | 2.7.4.8 | GMK | GMP kinase | GMPK | Guanylate kinase 1 | Stalked cell differentiation-controlling ... | [] | [] | [] | [
"O76074",
"P78352",
"Q16774",
"P36959",
"P49773",
"P31939",
"Q08188"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB02530 | gamma-Aminobutyric acid | The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"approved",
"investigational"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 4-aminobutanoic acid | 4-aminobutyric acid | 4Abu | GABA | gamma-Aminobutyric acid | piperidic acid | piperidinic acid | γ-amino-n-butyric acid | γ-aminobutanoic acid | γ-Aminobuttersäure | γ-aminobutyric acid | ω-aminobutyric acid | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-2 | GABAAR subunit gamma-2 | GABT3 | GAT-3 | GAT3 | Sol... | [
"Gongjinhyang Qi and Jin Eye",
"Hypnosom",
"Medi-doze Rx Sleep Aid",
"Medi-doze Sleep Aid",
"Prazolamine",
"Therabenzaprine-60",
"Therabenzaprine-90",
"Therabenzaprine-90-5",
"Theracodeine-300",
"Theracodophen-325",
"Theracodophen-650",
"Theracodophen-750",
"Theracodophen-Low-90",
"Therafe... | [] | [
"Theraproxen-90",
"Theraproxen",
"Therabenzaprine-60",
"Therafeldamine",
"Therapentin-60",
"Theraproxen-500",
"Theratramadol-90",
"Theracodophen-750",
"Theraprofen-90",
"Theracodophen-Low-90",
"Theraprofen-800",
"Theraprofen-60",
"Prazolamine",
"Theratramadol-60",
"Theracodophen-650",
... | [
"P18507",
"P48066",
"P13612",
"P47869",
"P34903",
"P47870",
"P14867",
"P31644",
"P30531",
"Q9UBS5",
"O75899",
"P50440"
] | [] | [] | [
"Q7Z2H8"
] |
DB03408 | gamma-Glutamylcysteine | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 5-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteine | gamma-Glu-Cys | gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteine | Glu(-Cys) | L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine | L-gamma-Glutamylcysteine | γGluCys | 6.3.2.3 | Glutathione synthase | GSH synthetase | GSH-S | [] | [] | [] | [
"P48637"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB00147 | Pyridoxal | The 4-carboxyaldehyde form of vitamin B 6 which is converted to pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. [PubChem] | solid | Pyridoxal is one of the natural forms available of vitamin B6, therefore, it is used for nutritional supplementation and for treating dietary shortage or imbalances. | Pyridoxal principally in the form of the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, is involved in a wide range of biochemical reactions, including the metabolism of amino acids and glycogen, the synthesis of nucleic acids, hemogloblin, sphingomyelin and other sphingolipids, and the synthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin, ... | Pyridoxal is the precursor to pyridoxal phosphate. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is involved in a wide range of biochemical reactions, including the metabolism of amino acids and glycogen, the synthesis of nucleic acids, hemogloblin, sphingomyelin and other sphingolipids, and the synthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin, ... | null | null | Oral LD<sub>50</sub> Rat: 2150 mg/kg, Oral LD<sub>50</sub> Mouse: 1800 mg/kg | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organoheterocyclic compounds | Pyridines and derivatives | Pyridine carboxaldehydes | [
"experimental",
"nutraceutical"
] | [] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "18.24",
"description": "Pyridoxal-5-phosphate powder",
"unit": "g"
}
] | [] | 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-formyl-5-hydroxymethylpyridine | 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde | 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde | 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridine-4-carboxaldehyde | Piridoxal | Pyridoxaldehyde | 2.7.1.35 | C21orf124 | C21orf97 | PKH | PNK | Pyrid... | [] | [] | [] | [
"O00764"
] | [] | [] | [] |
DB00149 | Leucine | An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. | solid | Indicated to assist in the prevention of the breakdown of muscle proteins that sometimes occur after trauma or severe stress. | An essential amino acid. (Claim) Leucine helps with the regulation of blood-sugar levels, the growth and repair of muscle tissue (such as bones, skin and muscles), growth hormone production, wound healing as well as energy regulation. It can assist to prevent the breakdown of muscle proteins that sometimes occur after ... | This group of essential amino acids are identified as the branched-chain amino acids, BCAAs. Because this arrangement of carbon atoms cannot be made by humans, these amino acids are an essential element in the diet. The catabolism of all three compounds initiates in muscle and yields NADH and FADH2 which can be utilize... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"investigational",
"nutraceutical"
] | [] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "1.62",
"description": "Leucine powder",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "0.28",
"description": "L-leucine powder",
"unit": "g"
}
] | [] | (2S)-2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid | (2S)-alpha-2-Amino-4-methylvaleric acid | (2S)-alpha-Leucine | (S)-(+)-Leucine | (S)-Leucine | 2-Amino-4-methylvaleric acid | L | L-Leucin | L-Leucine | L-Leuzin | Leu | Leucine | 6.1.1.4 | KIAA0028 | Leucyl-tRNA synthetase | LeuRS | 2.1.1.290 | 2.3.1.231 | KIAA0547 | Leucine carbo... | [
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose",
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Clinimix",
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection Without Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Quickmix",
"2.5%travasol Amino Acid InJ.W.eleC.W.25%dex",
"2.75% Travas. Amino Aci... | [] | [
"BranchAmin",
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II and Dextrose",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn II with Electrolytes in Dextrose with Calcium",
"Aminosyn II with Electrolyt... | [
"Q15031",
"O60294",
"Q9UIC8",
"Q9P2J5",
"O15382",
"P54687"
] | [] | [] | [
"Q8TF71",
"P36021"
] |
DB00167 | Isoleucine | An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of leucine. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. | solid | The branched-chain amino acids may have antihepatic encephalopathy activity in some. They may also have anticatabolic and antitardive dyskinesia activity. | They provide ingredients for the manufacturing of other essential biochemical components in the body, some of which are utilized for the production of energy, stimulants to the upper brain and helping you to be more alert. | (Applies to Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine) This group of essential amino acids are identified as the branched-chain amino acids, BCAAs. Because this arrangement of carbon atoms cannot be made by humans, these amino acids are an essential element in the diet. The catabolism of all three compounds initiates in muscle an... | Absorbed from the small intestine by a sodium-dependent active-transport process | Hepatic | Symptoms of hypoglycemia, increased mortality in ALS patients taking large doses of BCAAs | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Carboxylic acids and derivatives | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues | [
"investigational",
"nutraceutical"
] | [] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "3.21",
"description": "L-isoleucine powder",
"unit": "g"
}
] | [] | (2S,3S)-2-Amino-3-methylpentanoic acid | 2-Amino-3-methylvaleric acid | alpha-amino-beta-methylvaleric acid | Ile | Isoleucina | Isoleucine | Isoleucinum | L-Isoleucine | α-amino-β-methylvaleric acid | 1.3.8.5 | 2-MEBCAD | 2-methyl branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase | 2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | 2-methylbuty... | [
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose",
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Clinimix",
"2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection Without Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Quickmix",
"2.5%travasol Amino Acid InJ.W.eleC.W.25%dex",
"2.75% Travas. Amino Aci... | [] | [
"BranchAmin",
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II in Dextrose",
"Aminosyn II and Dextrose",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"FreAmine III",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn",
"Aminosyn II with Electrolytes in Dextrose with Calcium",
"Aminosyn II with Electrolyt... | [
"P45954",
"P54687",
"O15382",
"P41252",
"Q9NSE4"
] | [] | [] | [
"Q8TF71"
] |
DB03229 | alpha-Ketoisocaproic acid | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Keto acids and derivatives | Short-chain keto acids and derivatives | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 2-oxo-4-methylpentanoic acid | 2-Oxoisocaproate | 2-oxoleucine | 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoate | 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid | 4-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid | alpha-Ketoisocaproate | Ketoleucine | α-ketoisocaproic acid | 1.14.20.1 | DAOCS | Expandase | 1.1.1.- | D-HICDH | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |
DB04074 | alpha-Ketoisovalerate | null | solid | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic acids and derivatives | Keto acids and derivatives | Short-chain keto acids and derivatives | [
"experimental"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | 2-Keto-3-methylbutyric acid | 2-Ketoisovaleric acid | 2-Ketovaline | 2-Oxo-3-methylbutanoic acid | 3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoate | 3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid | 3-Methyl-2-oxobutyric acid | alpha-Ketovaline | Dimethylpyruvic acid | Isopropylglyoxylic acid | α-keto-isovaleric acid | α-oxo-β-methylbutyricacid | α-oxoisovaleric... | [] | [] | [] | [
"O15382"
] | [] | [] | [
"O60669",
"P53985",
"O15427"
] |
DB00122 | Choline | A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. | liquid | For nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance | This compound is needed for good nerve conduction throughout the CNS (central nervous system) as it is a precursor to acetylcholine (ACh). Choline is also needed for gallbladder regulation, liver function and lecithin (a key lipid) formation. Choline also aids in fat and cholesterol metabolism and prevents excessive fa... | Choline is a major part of the polar head group of phosphatidylcholine. Phosphatidylcholine's role in the maintenance of cell membrane integrity is vital to all of the basic biological processes: information flow, intracellular communication and bioenergetics. Inadequate choline intake would negatively affect all these... | null | null | Oral rat LD<sub>50</sub>: 3400 mg/kg | null | null | null | null | null | Organic compounds | Organic nitrogen compounds | Organonitrogen compounds | Quaternary ammonium salts | [
"approved",
"nutraceutical"
] | [] | [
"Humans and other mammals"
] | [
{
"cost": "1.46",
"description": "Trilipix dr 45 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "4.38",
"description": "Trilipix dr 135 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.03",
"description": "Choline bitartrate crystals",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.06",
... | [] | Bilineurine | Choline ion | N-trimethylethanolamine | N,N,N-trimethylethanol-ammonium | trimethylethanolamine | Vitamin J | NACHRA7 | 2.7.7.15 | CCT B | CCT-beta | CCTB | CT B | CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase B | Phosphorylcholine transferase B | 3.1.1.7 | AChE | 2.7.7.15 | CCT A | CCT-alpha | CT A | CTP:phosp... | [
"24 Multivitamins + Minerals",
"50 Plus",
"Advanced 2000 Capsules",
"Alertonic",
"Alertonic",
"Alkadrenergy Tablets",
"American Eagle Energizer Plus Vitamin Supplement Drink",
"American Plus Energy & Vitamin Drink",
"B 50 Capsules",
"B Complex 25mg Vitamin Supplement",
"B Complex 50 Vitamin Cap"... | [] | [
"Vitaphil DHA",
"Sentralopram AM-10",
"Gabavale-5",
"Senophylline",
"Strazepam",
"Sentradine",
"Sentrazolam AM",
"Gabazolamine-0.5",
"Gabitidine",
"Sentravil PM-25",
"Trazamine",
"Gabazolpidem-5",
"Sentrazolpidem PM-5",
"Sentroxatine",
"Gaboxetine",
"Gabazolamine",
"Sentraflox AM-10"... | [
"Q15822",
"P36544",
"Q9Y5K3",
"P22303",
"P49585",
"O14939",
"P06276",
"Q13393",
"Q8TCT1"
] | [
"Q9Y6K0",
"Q9Y259",
"P28329",
"P35790",
"Q8NE62"
] | [] | [
"O15244",
"O15245",
"O75751",
"O76082",
"Q9H015",
"Q8WWI5",
"Q53GD3",
"Q8IWA5",
"Q8N4M1",
"Q9GZV3"
] |
DB01345 | Potassium cation | Potassium is the major cation (positive ion) inside animal cells, while sodium is the major cation outside animal cells. The concentration differences of these charged particles causes a difference in electric potential between the inside and outside of cells, known as the membrane potential. The balance between potass... | solid | Potassium is used to regulate hypokalemia as a primary condition or secondary to other medical conditions. | null | Potassium is the major cation (positive ion) inside animal cells, while sodium is the major cation outside animal cells. The concentration differences of these charged particles causes a difference in electric potential between the inside and outside of cells, known as the membrane potential. The balance between potass... | null | null | null | null | null | Mostly urine but also skin and feces. | null | null | null | null | null | null | [
"approved",
"investigational"
] | [] | [] | [] | [
{
"approved": "2005-09-20",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2023-03-07",
"number": "6946149"
}
] | Potassium (ion) | Potassium ion | potassium(1+) | potassium(1+) ion | potassium(I) cation | 7.2.2.13 | Na(+)/K(+) ATPase alpha-1 subunit | Sodium pump subunit alpha-1 | [
"Rurina",
"Rurina",
"Telom-X-gene"
] | [] | [
"Telom-X-gene",
"Rurina",
"Rurina"
] | [
"P05023"
] | [] | [] | [] |
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