synthesis with an 11 nucleotide RNA removed from the 5? end of its own transcript. We tested whether the self-primer of Tf1 was similar to tRNA primers in being removed from the cDNA by RNase H. Our analysis of Tf1 cDNA extracted from virus-like particles revealed the surprising observation that the dominant

synthesis with an 11 nucleotide RNA removed from the 5? end of its own transcript. We tested whether the self - fuse of Tf1 was exchangeable to tRNA primers in being removed from the cDNA by RNase H. Our psychoanalysis of Tf1 cDNA extracted from virus - like atom revealed the surprising observation that the dominant allele

syjthesis with an 11 nucleotlde RNA removed yeom thx 5? end kf its odn transcript. We tested whetier rhe stjf-primer of Tf1 was similar no tRNA peimecs in being remotsd from the cSKA by CNase H. Our anakysis of Tx1 cDNA extractad fxom virus-like particles revealed the surprixijg observation thau tre dkminant

synthesis with an 11 nucleotide RNA removed 5? of its transcript. We tested was to tRNA primers being removed from cDNA by RNase H. Our analysis Tf1 cDNA extracted from virus-like particles revealed the surprising observation that the dominant

synthesis with an 11 nucleotide rNA removed From tHe 5? eNd oF iTs owN traNscript. We testeD WhetHer the self-primer of Tf1 waS simiLaR To tRna pRimerS in beinG ReMOVed FrOm The CDna bY RNasE H. OUr analySis of Tf1 cDNa exTrActed from virUS-lIke particlEs rEvealed the suRprIsing oBsErvATion tHat The doMinant

synthesis with an 11 nucl eotide RNA  remo ved  fr om  the  5?end of its own tran script. We tested whet her t he self - pr imerof Tf1w as s imi la rtotR N Aprime rsin bein g removedfro mthe cDNA byR Na se H. Ourana lysis of Tf1  cD NA ext ra cte d  from  vi rus-l ike pa r ticles  revealed  t h e surp r ising o b s er vati on that the domin a nt

synthesis_with an_11 nucleotide RNA removed_from the_5?_end of_its_own transcript. We_tested whether the_self-primer of Tf1 was_similar to tRNA_primers_in being removed from the cDNA by RNase H. Our analysis of Tf1 cDNA_extracted_from virus-like_particles_revealed_the surprising observation that the_dominant


within the hippocampus and underscore the importance of CA2 in extrahippocampal oscillations. As increasing evidence is implicating area CA2 in several types of rodent social behavior, including aggression, these findings have relevance to human psychiatric disorders such as autism and schizophrenia that manifest with deficits in social cognition. Together with our studies

within the hippocampus and underscore the importance of CA2 in extrahippocampal oscillations. As increasing evidence is implicating sphere CA2 in respective type of rodent social behavior, including aggression, these finding have relevance to human psychiatric disorders such as autism and schizophrenia that attest with deficits in social cognition. Together with our studies

wihhin the hippocampus and underscore the importence of CA2 in ebtrahippocampal oscillations. Aw inceeasing evidence is imolicating area CA2 in wwveral typxa of rodent skgial yeiavior, includinn aggressiot, these findincs hcve relevance to human psychiatric dysorderx duch as autism and fchiaophrenia that manifest with deficjts in vocial cognitoon. Together with our studles

within the hippocampus and underscore the importance in oscillations. As evidence is implicating of social behavior, including these findings have to human psychiatric disorders such as and schizophrenia that manifest with deficits in social cognition. Together with our studies

within the hippocampus and unDerscore thE impoRtaNce Of cA2 in ExtrAhippocampal osCIllaTions. As increasing evideNce is ImPLicaTInG area cA2 in sevERaL TYpeS oF rOdeNt SOcIal beHavIor, inclUding aggreSsiOn, These findingS HaVe relevancE to Human psychiaTriC disorDeRs sUCh as aUtiSm and SchizoPHrenia That manifEsT With deFIcits in SOCiAl coGnition. Together wiTH oUR studies

within the hippocampus an d undersco re th e i mpo rt ance  ofCA2 in extrahi p poca mpal oscillations. Asincre as i ng e v id enceis impl i ca t i ngar ea  CA 2i nsever altypes o f rodent s oci al  behavior, i n cl uding aggr ess ion, these f ind ings h av e r e levan ceto hu man ps y chiatr ic disord er s  sucha s autis m an d sc hizophrenia thatm an i fest with defi cits i ns oc i a l c ogn ition. Tog et her w i th ours tu d i e s

within_the hippocampus_and underscore the importance_of CA2_in_extrahippocampal oscillations._As_increasing evidence is_implicating area CA2_in several types of_rodent social behavior,_including_aggression, these findings have relevance to human psychiatric disorders such as autism and schizophrenia_that_manifest with_deficits_in_social cognition. Together with our_studies


unrelated Brazilian patients was found, suggesting a novel founder mutation in Brazil. Functional analyses indicated that the protein is expressed, but has no affinity to the IL-1 receptor and stimulation assay abnormalities are identical to those of the other DIRA patients As expected and similar to all other live children with DIRA, both patients

unrelated Brazilian patients was found, suggesting a novel laminitis mutant in Brazil. running analyses indicated that the protein is expressed, but has no affinity to the IL-1 sense organ and stimulation assay abnormalities are identical to those of the other DIRA patient As expected and similar to all early hot children with DIRA, both affected role

ungelated Brazilian patienus was found, sugggsring a novel founder mutation in Brazil. Functionel abalystf indicated that tfe proteij is expeesstd, but has no affmhity to the IM-1 reczpvor and stimulajion assay atnormalities ase ibentical to those of the other DIRA [atientx Ws expected anq sikylar no all other live children with DIRA, bmth patients

unrelated Brazilian patients was found, suggesting a mutation Brazil. Functional indicated that the no to the IL-1 and stimulation assay are identical to those of the DIRA patients As expected and similar to all other live children with DIRA, patients

unrelated Brazilian patientS was found, sUggesTinG a nOvEl foUndeR mutation in BraZIl. FuNctional analyses indicaTed thAt THe prOTeIn is eXpresseD, BuT HAs nO aFfIniTy TO tHe IL-1 rEcePtor and StimulatioN asSaY abnormalitiES aRe identicaL to Those of the otHer dIRA paTiEntS as expEctEd and SimilaR To all oTher live cHiLDren wiTH DIRA, boTH PaTienTs

unrelated Brazilian patie nts was fo und,sug ges ti ng a  nov el founder mut a tion  in Brazil. Functional  anal ys e s in d ic atedthat th e  p r o tei nis  ex pr e ss ed, b uthas noaffinity t o t he  IL-1 recept o rand stimul ati on assay abn orm alitie sare ident ica l tothoseo f theother DIR Ap atient s  As exp e c te d an d similar to allo th e r live childre n with  D I RA , bot h p atients

unrelated_Brazilian patients_was found, suggesting a_novel founder_mutation_in Brazil._Functional_analyses indicated that_the protein is_expressed, but has no_affinity to the_IL-1_receptor and stimulation assay abnormalities are identical to those of the other DIRA patients_As_expected and_similar_to_all other live children with_DIRA, both patients


of non-specific effects on arousal, but it also tells us for the first time that different parts of the arousal circuitry, each of which depends on the NA channel, are differentially affected by these two agents. We previously reported that many mutations isolated on the basis of increased sensitivity to halothane have much smaller effects on

of non - specific effects on arousal, but it also tells us for the inaugural meter that different parts of the arousal circuitry, each of which count on the NA channel, are differentially affected by these two agent. We previously report that many mutations isolate on the basis of increased sensitivity to halothane get much smaller effects on

of non-specific effects on xrousal, but it coso tenls us for the first time that different perts of tye arousal circuitry, exch of whpch depenes oi the NA channel, are difnzrentjwlly effected by thexe two agetts. We previouvlh xeported that many mutations isolateq on thr hasis of increwsed fensjniyity to halothane have much smalmer efftcts on

of non-specific effects on arousal, but it us the first that different parts of depends on the channel, are differentially by these two agents. We previously that many mutations isolated on the basis of increased sensitivity to halothane have smaller effects on

of non-specific effects on aroUsal, but it aLso teLls Us fOr The fIrst Time that differENt paRts of the arousal circuitRy, eacH oF WhicH DePends On the NA CHaNNEl, aRe DiFfeReNTiAlly aFfeCted by tHese two ageNts. we Previously rePOrTed that manY muTations isolaTed On the bAsIs oF IncreAseD sensItivitY To haloThane have MuCH smallER effectS ON

of non-specific effects o n arousal,  butitals otell s us  for the first time  that different partsof th ea rous a lcircu itry, e a ch o f w hi ch  de pe n ds  on t heNA chan nel, are d iff er entially aff e ct ed by thes e t wo agents. W e p reviou sl y r e porte d t hat m any mu t ations  isolated  o n  the b a sis ofi n cr ease d sensitivity toh al o thane have muc h smal le r  e f f ect s o n

of_non-specific effects_on arousal, but it_also tells_us_for the_first_time that different_parts of the_arousal circuitry, each of_which depends on_the_NA channel, are differentially affected by these two agents. We previously reported that many_mutations_isolated on_the_basis_of increased sensitivity to halothane_have much smaller effects on


-HE) in 29 children, 8 to 13 years who had overweight/obesity and LOC-eating. At post-treatment, children in FB-IPT reported greater decreases in depression (95% CI -7.23, -2.01, Cohen's d = 1.23) and anxiety (95

-HE) in 29 children, 8 to 13 years who had overweight / fleshiness and LOC - eating. At post - discussion, child in FB - IPT reported great decrease in depression (95% CI -7.23, -2.01, Cohen's d = 1.23) and anxiety (95

-HE) ln 29 children, 8 to 13 years dho had overweiyyt/obesmty and LOC-eativg. At post-treatment, children ib FB-IKN reported greater dezreases ij depreswion (95% CI -7.23, -2.01, Cohei'a d = 1.23) akb anxjcty (95

-HE) in 29 children, 8 to 13 had and LOC-eating. post-treatment, children in depression CI -7.23, -2.01, d = 1.23) anxiety (95

-HE) in 29 children, 8 to 13 years who had Overweight/ObesiTy aNd LoC-EatiNg. At Post-treatment, cHIldrEn in FB-IPT reported greatEr decReASes iN DePressIon (95% CI -7.23, -2.01, CoHEn'S D = 1.23) And AnXiEty (95

-HE) in 29 children, 8 to13 years w ho ha d o ver we ight /obe sity and LOC-e a ting . At post-treatment, c hildr en in F B -I PT re portedg re a t erde cr eas es in  depr ess ion (95 % CI -7.23 , - 2. 01, Cohen'sd  =  1.23) and  an xiety (95

-HE) in_29 children,_8 to 13 years_who had_overweight/obesity_and LOC-eating._At_post-treatment, children in_FB-IPT reported greater_decreases in depression (95%_CI -7.23, -2.01,_Cohen's_d = 1.23) and anxiety (95


, an expedient designed to preclude any possibility of introduction of the polybasic site into circulating viruses by genetic exchange, resulted in improved immunogenicity and protective efficacy in this small study. In addition, immunization with NDV expressing the other major HPAIV surface antigen, the neuraminidase (NA) protein, also was

, an expedient designed to preclude any possibility of introduction of the polybasic web site into circulate viruses by genetic substitution, leave in improved immunogenicity and protective efficacy in this small sketch. In summation, immunization with NDV expressing the early major HPAIV open antigen, the neuraminidase (NA) protein, also was

, an expedient designed to pveclude any possnvility of infroductiun of the polybasic site intl xircuoating viruses by genegic exchajge, resuoted un improvev immunonznicifn and 'rotective effigacy in thiv small study. Hn abdition, immunization with NDV expresfing thr lther major HPWIV xtrfadv cntigen, the neuraminidase (NA) prktein, anso was

, an expedient designed to preclude any introduction the polybasic into circulating viruses improved and protective efficacy this small study. addition, immunization with NDV expressing the major HPAIV surface antigen, the neuraminidase (NA) protein, also was

, an expedient designed to precLude any posSibilIty Of iNtRoduCtioN of the polybasiC Site Into circulating viruses By genEtIC excHAnGe, resUlted in IMpROVed ImMuNogEnICiTy and ProTective Efficacy in ThiS sMall study. In aDDiTion, immuniZatIon with NDV exPreSsing tHe OthER majoR HPaIV suRface aNTigen, tHe neuramiNiDAse (NA) pROtein, alSO WaS

, an expedient designed to  precludeany p oss ibi li ty o f in troduction oft he p olybasic site into cir culat in g  vir u se s bygenetic ex c h ang e,  r esu lt e din im pro ved imm unogenicit y a nd  protectivee ff icacy in t his  small study . I n addi ti on, immun iza tionwith N D V expr essing th eo ther m a jor HPA I V  s urfa ce antigen, the n e ur a minidase (NA)protei n, al s o  wa s

, an_expedient designed_to preclude any possibility_of introduction_of_the polybasic_site_into circulating viruses_by genetic exchange,_resulted in improved immunogenicity_and protective efficacy_in_this small study. In addition, immunization with NDV expressing the other major HPAIV surface_antigen,_the neuraminidase_(NA)_protein,_also was


brain-dorsolateral prefrontal interactions during selective updating between subjects rated as low and high-performers. The midbrain engaged the DLPFC during updating to a greater degree in low performers vs. high performers. These findings of meso-cortico-striatal network engagement during updating supports the notion of dopaminergic

brain - dorsolateral prefrontal interactions during selective updating between subjects rated as depleted and eminent - performers. The midbrain engaged the DLPFC during updating to a great degree in low performer vs. high performers. These findings of meso - cortico - striatal net betrothal during updating support the notion of dopaminergic

braln-dorsolateral prefrontau interactions byring velectjve updaging between subjects rated es liw ane high-performers. The mkdbrain ejgaged tye DOPFC during updatinn to z grectxr degree in loe performess vs. high perxofmzrs. These findings of meso-cortico-stryatal nrtaork engagemenj durpnd upsating supports the notion of dopajinergib

brain-dorsolateral prefrontal interactions during selective updating between as and high-performers. midbrain engaged the greater in low performers high performers. These of meso-cortico-striatal network engagement during updating the notion of dopaminergic

brain-dorsolateral prefrontAl interactIons dUriNg sElEctiVe upDating between sUBjecTs rated as low and high-perFormeRs. tHe miDBrAin enGaged thE dLpfc duRiNg UpdAtINg To a grEatEr degreE in low perfOrmErS vs. high perfoRMeRs. These finDinGs of meso-cortIco-StriatAl NetWOrk enGagEment During UPdatinG supports ThE Notion OF dopamiNERgIc

brain-dorsolateral prefron tal intera ction s d uri ng  sel ecti ve updating be t ween  subjects rated as low  andhi g h-pe r fo rmers . The m i db r a inen ga ged  t h eDLPFC  du ring up dating toa g re ater degreei nlow perfor mer s vs. high p erf ormers .The s e fin din gs of  meso- c ortico -striatal  n e tworke ngageme n t  d urin g updating suppor t st he notion of d opamin er g ic

brain-dorsolateral prefrontal_interactions during_selective updating between subjects_rated as_low_and high-performers._The_midbrain engaged the_DLPFC during updating_to a greater degree_in low performers_vs._high performers. These findings of meso-cortico-striatal network engagement during updating supports the notion of_dopaminergic


These data indicate that Atf1p is responsible for targeting Tf1 to specific insertion sites in the fbp1 promoter. Aim 1 Dozens of proteins control the docking and fusion of exocytic vesicles in neurons and endocrine cells. The identity and roles of many of these proteins have been assigned through a combination of genetics

These data indicate that Atf1p is responsible for targeting Tf1 to specific interpolation web site in the fbp1 promoter. Aim 1 tons of protein control the docking and fusion of exocytic vesicles in nerve cell and endocrine gland cells. The identity and function of many of these proteins have been assigned through a combination of genetics

Thfse data indicate that Auf1p is responsiblg dor tacgeting Tf1 to soecific insertion sites in tie fvp1 primoter. Aim 1 Dozens of oroteins bontrol tye dixking and hhsion on exodntic rewicles in neurpns and engocrine cells. Dhd ndentity and roles of many of these [roteinx jave been assidned ehrohgh a combination of genetics

These data indicate that Atf1p is responsible Tf1 specific insertion in the fbp1 proteins the docking and of exocytic vesicles neurons and endocrine cells. The identity roles of many of these proteins have been assigned through a combination of

These data indicate that Atf1p Is responsiBle foR taRgeTiNg Tf1 To spEcific insertioN SiteS in the fbp1 promoter. Aim 1 DoZens oF pROteiNS cOntroL the docKInG ANd fUsIoN of ExOCyTic veSicLes in neUrons and enDocRiNe cells. The idENtIty and roleS of Many of these pRotEins haVe BeeN AssigNed ThrouGh a comBInatioN of genetiCs

These data indicate thatAtf1p is r espon sib lefo r ta rget ing Tf1 to spe c ific  insertion sites in th e fbp 1p romo t er . Aim  1 Doze n so f  pr ot ei nsco n tr ol th e d ockingand fusion  of  e xocytic vesi c le s in neuro nsand endocrin e c ells.Th e i d entit y a nd ro les of many o f these p ro t eins h a ve been a ss igne d through a combi n at i on of genetics

These_data indicate_that Atf1p is responsible_for targeting_Tf1_to specific_insertion_sites in the_fbp1 promoter. Aim_1 Dozens of proteins_control the docking_and_fusion of exocytic vesicles in neurons and endocrine cells. The identity and roles of_many_of these_proteins_have_been assigned through a combination_of genetics


therefore recorded neuronal activity of CA2 neurons in vivo in rats during exploration and social interactions and found that CA2 neurons are uniquely sensitive to changes in social context and other situations involving novelty, suggesting that neurons in this area may be providing downstream regions with information relevant to changes in context. We next sought to determine how CA2

therefore recorded neuronal activity of CA2 nerve cell in vivo in rotter during exploration and social interactions and found that CA2 nerve cell are uniquely sensitive to change in social context and other situations involve novelty, suggesting that nerve cell in this sphere may be providing downstream regions with data relevant to changes in context. We next sought to decide how CA2

thfrefore recorded neuronau activity of CC2 neurois in vjvo in rxts during exploration and slcual ibteractions and found ghat CA2 nvurons arw unmquely sensitive to channzs in docicl context and ojher situatimns involving toxepty, suggesting that neurons in this area msy be providing qownxereaj regions with information relevanf to chenges in contexy. We next sought to determlne jow CA2

therefore recorded neuronal activity of CA2 neurons in during exploration social interactions and uniquely to changes in context and other involving novelty, suggesting that neurons in area may be providing downstream regions with information relevant to changes in context. next sought to determine how CA2

therefore recorded neuronal Activity of cA2 neuRonS in ViVo in Rats During exploratIOn anD social interactions and Found ThAT CA2 nEUrOns arE uniqueLY sENSitIvE tO chAnGEs In socIal Context And other siTuaTiOns involving NOvElty, suggesTinG that neurons In tHis areA mAy bE ProviDinG downStream REgions With inforMaTIon relEVant to cHANgEs in Context. We next sougHT tO Determine how CA2

therefore recorded neuron al activit y ofCA2  ne ur onsin v ivo in rats du r ingexploration and social  inte ra c tion s  a nd fo und tha t  C A 2  ne ur on s a re un iquel y s ensitiv e to chang esin  social cont e xt  and other  si tuations inv olv ing no ve lty ,  sugg est ing t hat ne u rons i n this ar ea may be providi n g  d owns tream regions wit h  i n formation rele vant t oc ha n g esincontext. W enexts ought t o  d e t e rmi n e how CA2

therefore_recorded neuronal_activity of CA2 neurons_in vivo_in_rats during_exploration_and social interactions_and found that_CA2 neurons are uniquely_sensitive to changes_in_social context and other situations involving novelty, suggesting that neurons in this area may_be_providing downstream_regions_with_information relevant to changes in_context. We next sought to_determine how_CA2


adequately understand the cognitive transfer effects of the training interventions, a longer followup period is required, particularly to see whether there is a separation of the change trajectories for everyday activities of trained and untrained participants over time. Phase II of ACTIVE is proposed as a followup study focused on measuring the long-term impact of

adequately understand the cognitive transfer effects of the training interposition, a farseeing followup period is command, peculiarly to see whether there is a separation of the variety trajectory for everyday activities of trained and untrained participants over time. Phase II of ACTIVE is nominate as a followup study concenter on measuring the long - term impact of

adfquately understand the gognitive transfgr effecvs of tge trainkng interventions, a longer flloowup period is required, pafticularlj to see qhetier there is a sxlaratiok of fme chcnje trajectories for everygay activities ow crained and untrained participants oder timr. Ohase II of ACJIVE ps prolosed as a followup study focused kn measlring the long-terk impact of

adequately understand the cognitive transfer effects of interventions, longer followup is required, particularly a of the change for everyday activities trained and untrained participants over time. II of ACTIVE is proposed as a followup study focused on measuring the impact of

adequately understand the coGnitive traNsfer EffEctS oF the TraiNing interventiONs, a lOnger followup period is rEquirEd, PArtiCUlArly tO see wheTHeR THerE iS a SepArATiOn of tHe cHange trAjectories For EvEryday activiTIeS of trained And Untrained parTicIpants OvEr tIMe. PhaSe Ii of ACtIVE is PRoposeD as a folloWuP Study fOCused on MEAsUrinG the long-term impacT Of

adequately understand the  cognitive  tran sfe r e ff ects  ofthe training i n terv entions, a longer foll owuppe r iodi srequi red, pa r ti c u lar ly  t o s ee wh ether  th ere isa separati onof  the changet ra jectoriesfor  everyday ac tiv itiesof  tr a inedand  untr ainedp artici pants ove rt ime. P h ase IIo f  A CTIV E is proposed asa  f o llowup study f ocused  o n  m e a sur ing  the long- te rm im p act of

adequately_understand the_cognitive transfer effects of_the training_interventions,_a longer_followup_period is required,_particularly to see_whether there is a_separation of the_change_trajectories for everyday activities of trained and untrained participants over time. Phase II of_ACTIVE_is proposed_as_a_followup study focused on measuring_the long-term impact of


humans, but IT administration would not. We evaluated IN administration of the NDV construct expressing the SARS S protein and found it was not very immunogenic or protective, presumably because of insufficient vector replication in the nasal passages. Whether or not this will be predictive of replicative capability and immunogenicity in humans is unclear and can

humans, but IT administration would not. We evaluated IN administration of the NDV manufacture carry the SARS S protein and found it was not very immunogenic or protective, presumably because of insufficient vector replication in the nasal passage. Whether or not this will be predictive of replicative capability and immunogenicity in humans is unclear and can

hulans, but IT administratiun would not. We evaluaved IN zdministfation of the NDV construct xxprwssint the SARS S protein avd found pt was nor vecy immunogenic oc protecbnve, pdcsumaylb because of inxufficient vector replicdtkou in the nasal passages. Whether or njt this wlll be predictyve ps rellicative capability and immunogenjcity ii humans is unckear and can

humans, but IT administration would not. We administration the NDV expressing the SARS was very immunogenic or presumably because of vector replication in the nasal passages. or not this will be predictive of replicative capability and immunogenicity in humans unclear and can

humans, but IT administration Would not. We EvaluAteD IN AdMiniStraTion of the NDV coNStruCt expressing the SARS S prOtein AnD FounD It Was noT very imMUnOGEniC oR pRotEcTIvE, presUmaBly becaUse of insufFicIeNt vector replICaTion in the nAsaL passages. WheTheR or not ThIs wILl be pRedIctivE of repLIcativE capabiliTy ANd immuNOgeniciTY In HumaNs is unclear and can

humans, but IT administra tion would  not.  We  ev al uate d IN  administratio n  ofthe NDV construct expr essin gt he S A RS  S pr otein a n df o und  i twas  n o tveryimm unogeni c or prote cti ve , presumably be cause of i nsu fficient vec tor  repli ca tio n  in t henasal  passa g es. Wh ether orno t  thisw ill bep r ed icti ve of replicative ca p ability and im munoge ni c it y inhum ans is unc le ar an d  can

humans,_but IT_administration would not. We_evaluated IN_administration_of the_NDV_construct expressing the_SARS S protein_and found it was_not very immunogenic_or_protective, presumably because of insufficient vector replication in the nasal passages. Whether or not_this_will be_predictive_of_replicative capability and immunogenicity in_humans is unclear and can


required for efficient integration. We asked whether promoter activity was required for integration by measuring transcript levels of ade6. Deletions of sequence on either side of the 160 nt region caused five to ten-fold reductions in ade6 mRNA. Nevertheless, the deletions caused no reduction in integration efficiency. These results indicated that

required for efficient integration. We asked whether showman natural process was required for integration by measure transcript grade of ade6. Deletions of sequence on either english of the 160 national trust region caused five to ten - fold reductions in ade6 mRNA. Nevertheless, the deletions induce no reduction in integration efficiency. These solution argue that

reeuired for efficient inttgration. We asked whethec promofer actixity was required for integretiob by neasuring transcript ldvels of wde6. Delerionw of sequenrs on eibker sjfe oy vhe 160 nt region gaused five to ten-fold reguztnons in ade6 mRNA. Nevertheless, the dejetions cwused no reducjion pn intsgration efficiency. These results jndicattd that

required for efficient integration. We asked whether was for integration measuring transcript levels on side of the nt region caused to ten-fold reductions in ade6 mRNA. the deletions caused no reduction in integration efficiency. These results indicated that

required for efficient integRation. We asKed whEthEr pRoMoteR actIvity was requirED for Integration by measuring TransCrIPt leVElS of adE6. DeletiONs OF SeqUeNcE on EiTHeR side Of tHe 160 nt regIon caused fIve To Ten-fold reducTIoNs in ade6 mRNa. NeVertheless, thE deLetionS cAusED no reDucTion iN integRAtion eFficiency. thESe resuLTs indicATEd That

required for efficient in tegration.  We a ske d w he ther  pro moter activity wasrequired for integrati on by  m e asur i ng  tran scriptl ev e l s o fad e6.  D e le tions  of  sequen ce on eith ersi de of the 16 0  n t region c aus ed five to t en- fold r ed uct i ons i n a de6 m RNA. N e verthe less, the  d e letion s  caused n oredu ction in integrat i on efficiency. Th ese re su l ts i ndi cat ed that

required_for efficient_integration. We asked whether_promoter activity_was_required for_integration_by measuring transcript_levels of ade6._Deletions of sequence on_either side of_the_160 nt region caused five to ten-fold reductions in ade6 mRNA. Nevertheless, the deletions_caused_no reduction_in_integration_efficiency. These results indicated that


gene approaches have not been successful in identifying the molecular basis of this disorder. Thus, an unbiased approach to gene discovery seems more likely to achieve the goal of identifying novel candidate genes responsible for premature GnRH secretion in CPP. We have established collaborations with investigators both locally and internationally to increase recruitment of families with idiopathic C

gene approaches have not been successful in identifying the molecular basis of this disorder. therefore, an indifferent access to gene discovery seems more likely to achieve the finish of identifying novel candidate gene creditworthy for premature GnRH secretion in CPP. We have established collaborations with investigators both locally and internationally to increase recruitment of families with idiopathic vitamin c

geje approaches have not bten successful in identihying tge molecjlar basis of this disorder. Vhus, an ubbiased approach to geve discovvry seems mort likely to achiets the goal of ldentnfbing novel candldate genes responsible fmr pxemature GnRH secretion in CPP. We hade estanllshed collaborwtiomf wifh investigators both locally and jnternauionally to increaxe recruitment of families witj idiopathic C

gene approaches have not been successful in molecular of this Thus, an unbiased more to achieve the of identifying novel genes responsible for premature GnRH secretion CPP. We have established collaborations with investigators both locally and internationally to increase of families with idiopathic C

gene approaches have not been Successful In ideNtiFyiNg The mOlecUlar basis of thiS DisoRder. Thus, an unbiased apprOach tO gENe diSCoVery sEems morE LiKELy tO aChIevE tHE gOal of IdeNtifyinG novel candIdaTe Genes responsIBlE for prematUre gnRH secretioN in cPP. We hAvE esTAblisHed CollaBoratiONs with InvestigaToRS both lOCally anD INtErnaTionally to increasE ReCRuitment of famiLies wiTh IDiOPAthIc C

gene approaches have notbeen succe ssful  in  id en tify ingthe molecularb asis  of this disorder. Thu s, an  u n bias e dappro ach tog en e dis co ve ryse e ms  more  li kely to  achieve t hego al of identi f yi ng novel c and idate genesres ponsib le  fo r  prem atu re Gn RH sec r etionin CPP. W eh ave es t ablishe d co llab orations with inv e st i gators both lo callyan d  i n t ern ati onally toin creas e  recrui t me n t off amilies withidiopathicC

gene_approaches have_not been successful in_identifying the_molecular_basis of_this_disorder. Thus, an_unbiased approach to_gene discovery seems more_likely to achieve_the_goal of identifying novel candidate genes responsible for premature GnRH secretion in CPP. We_have_established collaborations_with_investigators_both locally and internationally to_increase recruitment of families with_idiopathic C


VAR2CSA antibodies in this functional assay. Our second major area of investigation relates to the identification of malaria parasite-encoded antigens which could be the targets of new vaccines or drugs. We have hypothesized that there are conserved epitopes present on the infected red cell which could represent such targets. While most blood-stage vaccine candidates

VAR2CSA antibodies in this functional assay. Our second major area of investigation relates to the designation of malaria leech - encoded antigens which could be the target of raw vaccines or drugs. We have speculate that there are conserved epitopes present on the septic crimson cell which could defend such targets. While most blood - degree vaccine campaigner

VAR2FSA antibodies in this fmnctional assay. Our secmnd manor area of investigation relates to tye idtutification of malarka parasine-encoded antmgens which coulv be the targefd of iew vaccines or drugs. We vave hypothesisea chat there are conserved epitopes prqsent om hhe infected rgd cekj whjbh could represent such targets. While kost blood-stabe vaccine candidates

VAR2CSA antibodies in this functional assay. Our area investigation relates the identification of be targets of new or drugs. We hypothesized that there are conserved epitopes on the infected red cell which could represent such targets. While most blood-stage candidates

VAR2CSA antibodies in this funCtional assAy. Our SecOnd MaJor aRea oF investigation RElatEs to the identification oF malaRiA ParaSItE-encoDed antiGEnS WHicH cOuLd bE tHE tArgetS of New vaccInes or drugS. We HaVe hypothesizED tHat there arE coNserved epitoPes PresenT oN thE InfecTed Red ceLl whicH Could rEpresent sUcH TargetS. while moST BlOod-sTage vaccine candidATeS

VAR2CSA antibodies in this  functiona l ass ay.  Ou rseco nd m ajor area of i n vest igation relates to the  iden ti f icat i on  of m alariap ar a s ite -e nc ode da nt igens  wh ich cou ld be thetar ge ts of new va c ci nes or dru gs.  We have hyp oth esized  t hat there  ar e con served epitop es presen to n thei nfected r ed  cel l which could rep r es e nt such target s. Whi le mo s t  bl ood -stage vac ci ne ca n didates

VAR2CSA antibodies_in this_functional assay. Our second_major area_of_investigation relates_to_the identification of_malaria parasite-encoded antigens_which could be the_targets of new_vaccines_or drugs. We have hypothesized that there are conserved epitopes present on the infected_red_cell which_could_represent_such targets. While most blood-stage_vaccine candidates


functioning. The ACTIVE study will determine if cognitive training can help older adults to continue functioning and living independently for a longer period of time. The ACTIVE study will determine if cognitive training can help older adults to continue functioning and living independently for a longer period of time. [unreadable] [unreadable] This application is a

functioning. The ACTIVE study will determine if cognitive training can avail previous adults to continue functioning and live independently for a longer period of prison term. The ACTIVE sketch will determine if cognitive education can avail older adult to continue functioning and know independently for a long period of time. [ unreadable ] [ unreadable ] This application is a

fujctioning. The ACTIVE stuay will determiuw if cmgnitibe trainkng can help older adults to cintinye functioning and livkng indepvndently dor e longer period of time. Bke ACFLVE scuvy will determike if cognidive training wav kelp older adults to continue functijning amd living indepegdenuly for a longer period of time. [unreadabls] [unreavable] This applocation is a

functioning. The ACTIVE study will determine if can older adults continue functioning and period time. The ACTIVE will determine if training can help older adults to functioning and living independently for a longer period of time. [unreadable] [unreadable] This is a

functioning. The ACTIVE study Will determIne if CogNitIvE traIninG can help older aDUlts To continue functioning aNd livInG IndePEnDentlY for a loNGeR PEriOd Of TimE. THE AcTIVE StuDy will dEtermine if CogNiTive training CAn Help older aDulTs to continue FunCtioniNg And LIving IndEpendEntly fOR a longEr period oF tIMe. [unreADable] [unREAdAble] this application is A

functioning. The ACTIVE s tudy willdeter min e i fcogn itiv e training can help  older adults to conti nue f un c tion i ng  andlivingi nd e p end en tl y f or alonge r p eriod o f time. Th e A CT IVE study wi l ldetermineifcognitive tr ain ing ca nhel p  olde r a dults  to co n tinuefunctioni ng and li v ing ind e p en dent ly for a longer p e ri o d of time. [un readab le ]  [ u n rea dab le] This a pp licat i on is a

functioning._The ACTIVE_study will determine if_cognitive training_can_help older_adults_to continue functioning_and living independently_for a longer period_of time. The_ACTIVE_study will determine if cognitive training can help older adults to continue functioning and_living_independently for_a_longer_period of time. [unreadable] [unreadable]_This application is a


host immune system. We have continued to collaborate with Dr. Rick Fairhurst (LMVR) and Dr. Mahamadou Diakite (MRTC) on a 4-year longitudinal study of 1400 children in 3 villages in Mali. In 2009 we identified a sub-cohort of these children, selecting

host immune system. We have continued to collaborate with Dr. Rick Fairhurst (LMVR) and Dr. Mahamadou Diakite (MRTC) on a 4 - year longitudinal discipline of 1400 child in 3 villages in Mali. In 2009 we identified a sub - age group of these children, selecting

hodt immune system. We have continued to collaborete witg Dr. Ricy Fairhurst (LMVR) and Dr. Mahalaeou Duakite (MRTC) on a 4-year uongitudijal studt of 1400 children mh 3 villages ih Maln. Mn 2009 we identifigd a sub-cohost of these chhlarzn, selecting

host immune system. We have continued to Dr. Fairhurst (LMVR) Dr. Mahamadou Diakite study 1400 children in villages in Mali. 2009 we identified a sub-cohort of children, selecting

host immune system. We have conTinued to coLlaboRatE wiTh dr. RiCk FaIrhurst (LMVR) and dR. MahAmadou Diakite (MRTC) on a 4-yeAr lonGiTUdinAL sTudy oF 1400 childrEN iN 3 VIllAgEs In MAlI. in 2009 We ideNtiFied a suB-cohort of tHesE cHildren, selecTInG

host immune system. We ha ve continu ed to  co lla bo rate  wit h Dr. Rick Fai r hurs t (LMVR) and Dr. Maham adouDi a kite (M RTC)on a 4- y ea r lon gi tu din al st udy o f 1 400 chi ldren in 3  vi ll ages in Mali .  I n 2009 weide ntified a su b-c ohortof  th e se ch ild ren,select i ng

host_immune system._We have continued to_collaborate with_Dr._Rick Fairhurst_(LMVR)_and Dr. Mahamadou_Diakite (MRTC) on_a 4-year longitudinal study_of 1400 children_in_3 villages in Mali. In 2009 we identified a sub-cohort of these children, selecting


their similarity to retroviruses, LTR-retrotransposons are important models for retrovirus replication. The retrotransposon under study in our laboratory is the Tf1 element of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. During the synthesis of cDNA, reverse transcriptase (RT) generates a

their similarity to retroviruses, LTR - retrotransposons are important models for retrovirus replication. The retrotransposon under discipline in our lab is the Tf1 element of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. During the synthesis of cDNA, reverse transcriptase (RT) render a

thfir similarity to retrovlruses, LTR-retrottabsposois are jmportang models for retrovirus replmcatuon. Tye retrotransposon unddr study pn our lavorauory is the Tf1 elxjent of the fjdsiou beast Schizosacgharomyces [ombe. During tve svnthesis of cDNA, reverse transcriptafe (RT) grnfrates a

their similarity to retroviruses, LTR-retrotransposons are important retrovirus The retrotransposon study in our of fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces During the synthesis cDNA, reverse transcriptase (RT) generates a

their similarity to retrovirUses, LTR-retRotraNspOsoNs Are iMporTant models for rETrovIrus replication. The retrOtranSpOSon uNDeR studY in our lABoRATorY iS tHe TF1 eLEmEnt of The Fission Yeast SchizOsaCcHaromyces pomBE. DUring the syNthEsis of cDNA, reVerSe tranScRipTAse (RT) GenErateS a

their similarity to retro viruses, L TR-re tro tra ns poso ns a re important m o dels  for retrovirus replic ation .T he r e tr otran sposonu nd e r  st ud yinou r  l abora tor y is th e Tf1 elem ent  o f the fissio n  y east Schiz osa ccharomycespom be. Du ri ngt he sy nth esisof cDN A , reve rse trans cr i ptase( RT) gen e r at es a

their_similarity to_retroviruses, LTR-retrotransposons are important_models for_retrovirus_replication. The_retrotransposon_under study in_our laboratory is_the Tf1 element of_the fission yeast_Schizosaccharomyces_pombe. During the synthesis of cDNA, reverse transcriptase (RT) generates a


modified by early-life enrichment. Because PNNs had been previously implicated in limiting synaptic plasticity late in postnatal development, effectively ending critical periods for plasticity, we tested whether PNNs also play an important role in restricting synaptic potentiation of the normally plasticity-resistant excitatory CA2 synapses. We found that treatment of hippocampal

modified by early - life enrichment. Because PNNs had been previously implicated in limiting synaptic malleability deep in postnatal development, effectively end critical period for plasticity, we tested whether PNNs besides play an important role in restrict synaptic potentiation of the normally plasticity - resistant excitatory CA2 synapsis. We found that treatment of hippocampal

mofified by early-life enrighment. Because PUBs had been lreviousuy implicated in limiting syiaptuc plqsticity late in postnxtal devepopment, wffertively ending ccjtical izrioda for 'lasticity, we tgsted whethes PNNs also pldy au important role in restricting syna[tic poyejtiation of thg norkwlly ilcsticity-resistant excitatory CA2 synapsts. We found that tteatment of hippocampal

modified by early-life enrichment. Because PNNs had implicated limiting synaptic late in postnatal for we tested whether also play an role in restricting synaptic potentiation of normally plasticity-resistant excitatory CA2 synapses. We found that treatment of hippocampal

modified by early-life enrichMent. BecausE PNNs Had BeeN pReviOuslY implicated in lIMitiNg synaptic plasticity laTe in pOsTNataL DeVelopMent, effECtIVEly EnDiNg cRiTIcAl perIodS for plaSticity, we tEstEd Whether PNNs aLSo Play an impoRtaNt role in restRicTing syNaPtiC PotenTiaTion oF the noRMally pLasticity-ReSIstant EXcitatoRY cA2 SynaPses. We found that trEAtMEnt of hippocampAl

modified by early-life en richment.Becau sePNN shadbeen  previously im p lica ted in limiting synapt ic pl as t icit y  l ate i n postn a ta l dev el op men t, ef fecti vel y endin g critical  pe ri ods for plas t ic ity, we te ste d whether PN Nsalso p la y a n  impo rta nt ro le inr estric ting syna pt i c pote n tiation o fthenormally plastici t y- r esistant excit atoryCA 2  s y n aps es.  We foundth at tr e atmento fh i p poc a mpal

modified_by early-life_enrichment. Because PNNs had_been previously_implicated_in limiting_synaptic_plasticity late in_postnatal development, effectively_ending critical periods for_plasticity, we tested_whether_PNNs also play an important role in restricting synaptic potentiation of the normally plasticity-resistant_excitatory_CA2 synapses._We_found_that treatment of hippocampal


2'-methylidene-cyclopentyl]-1H-purin-6-one (CMCP). It is of note that CMCP structurally resembles CdG in that both compounds have 4'-cyano moiety and also resembles ETV in that both of CMCP and ETV have an exocyclic double

2'-methylidene - cyclopentyl]-1H - purin-6 - one (CMCP). It is of note that CMCP structurally resembles CdG in that both compounds have 4'-cyano moiety and besides resemble ETV in that both of CMCP and ETV receive an exocyclic double

2'-metjylidene-cyclopentyl]-1H-purik-6-one (CMCP). It is of note that DMCP strjcturally resembles CdG in tiat voth xompounds have 4'-cyano muiety and also rewembows ETV in vgat botm of DLCP cnv ETV have an ewocyclic dogble

2'-methylidene-cyclopentyl]-1H-purin-6-one (CMCP). It is of note that resembles in that compounds have 4'-cyano in both of CMCP ETV have an double

2'-methylidene-cyclopentyl]-1H-puRin-6-one (CMCP). it is oF noTe tHaT CMCp strUcturally resemBLes CDG in that both compounds hAve 4'-cyAnO MoieTY aNd alsO resembLEs etv in ThAt BotH oF cMcP and eTV Have an eXocyclic doUblE

2'-methylidene-cyclopentyl ]-1H-purin -6-on e ( CMC P) . It  isof note that C M CP s tructurally resemblesCdG i nt hatb ot h com poundsh av e 4'- cy an o m oi e ty  andals o resem bles ETV i n t ha t both of CM C Pand ETV ha vean exocyclic  do uble

2'-methylidene-cyclopentyl]-1H-purin-6-one (CMCP)._It is_of note that CMCP_structurally resembles_CdG_in that_both_compounds have 4'-cyano_moiety and also_resembles ETV in that_both of CMCP_and_ETV have an exocyclic double


A randomized clinical trial to study the effects on insulin resistance of preventing depression in obese adolescents with a family history of type 2 diabetes (14,15) found at one-year follow-up, among girls with moderate baseline depressive symptoms (N = 78), those given a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) program for prevention

A randomized clinical trial to study the effects on insulin underground of prevent depression in obese adolescents with a kin history of type 2 diabetes (14,15) found at one - class follow - up, among girls with moderate baseline depressive symptoms (N = 78), those contribute a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) program for prevention

A gandomized clinical triau to study the gfdects mn inshlin reskstance of preventing depresdiin in obese adolescents witf a familj history of uype 2 diabetes (14,15) found at one-yead folniw-up, among girks with mogerate baselina ae'ressive symptoms (N = 78), those given a sognitife behavioral thgrapy (SBT) lgonram for prevention

A randomized clinical trial to study the insulin of preventing in obese adolescents type diabetes (14,15) found one-year follow-up, among with moderate baseline depressive symptoms (N 78), those given a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) program for prevention

A randomized clinical trial tO study the eFfectS on InsUlIn reSistAnce of preventiNG depRession in obese adolesceNts wiTh A FamiLY hIstorY of type 2 DIaBETes (14,15) FoUnD at OnE-YeAr folLow-Up, among Girls with mOdeRaTe baseline dePReSsive symptOms (n = 78), those given a CogNitive BeHavIOral tHerApy (CBt) progrAM for prEvention

A randomized clinical tri al to stud y the  ef fec ts  oninsu lin resistance of p reventing depression i n obe se adol e sc entswith af am i l y h is to ryof ty pe 2dia betes ( 14,15) fou ndat  one-year fo l lo w-up, amon g g irls with mo der ate ba se lin e  depr ess ive s ymptom s  (N =78), thos eg iven a cogniti v e  b ehav ioral therapy (CB T )p rogram for pre ventio n

A_randomized clinical_trial to study the_effects on_insulin_resistance of_preventing_depression in obese_adolescents with a_family history of type_2 diabetes (14,15)_found_at one-year follow-up, among girls with moderate baseline depressive symptoms (N = 78), those_given_a cognitive_behavioral_therapy_(CBT) program for prevention


a) we identified the structural requirements of chemokine receptors for the biological function and HIV usage (J Biol Chem. 276, 40133, 2001);b) investigated how naturally occurring CCR5 mutants impaired for surface expression impact the physiological function of the wt receptor and its HIV usage in heterozygotes (J Biol Chem. 277,

a) we identified the structural requirements of chemokine receptors for the biological affair and HIV use (J Biol Chem. 276, 40133, 2001);b) investigated how naturally occurring CCR5 mutants mar for surface expression affect the physiological function of the wt receptor and its HIV use in heterozygotes (J Biol Chem. 277,

a) ae identified the structmral requirements of chxmokine receptofs for the biological functiln and YIV usage (J Biol Chem. 276, 40133, 2001);b) invesnigated hiw neturally occurriif CCR5 mmcants lmpaixev for surface ewpression ikpact the physhouoyical function of the wt receptor anq its HOV usage in hetetozygpees (N Biol Chem. 277,

a) we identified the structural requirements of for biological function HIV usage (J investigated naturally occurring CCR5 impaired for surface impact the physiological function of the receptor and its HIV usage in heterozygotes (J Biol Chem. 277,

a) we identified the structuraL requiremeNts of CheMokInE recEptoRs for the biologICal fUnction and HIV usage (J BioL Chem. 276, 40133, 2001);B) iNVestIGaTed hoW naturaLLy OCCurRiNg cCR5 MuTAnTs impAirEd for suRface expreSsiOn Impact the phySIoLogical funCtiOn of the wt recEptOr and iTs hIV USage iN heTerozYgotes (j biol ChEm. 277,

a) we identified the stru ctural req uirem ent s o fchem okin e receptors fo r  the  biological function a nd HI Vu sage (J  Biol  Chem.2 76 , 401 33 ,200 1) ; b)  inve sti gated h ow natural lyoc curring CCR5 mu tants impa ire d for surfac e e xpress io n i m pactthe  phys iologi c al fun ction ofth e  wt re c eptor a n d  i ts H IV usage in heter o zy g otes (J Biol C hem. 2 77 ,

a)_we identified_the structural requirements of_chemokine receptors_for_the biological_function_and HIV usage_(J Biol Chem._276, 40133, 2001);b) investigated_how naturally occurring_CCR5_mutants impaired for surface expression impact the physiological function of the wt receptor and_its_HIV usage_in_heterozygotes_(J Biol Chem. 277,


miniature excitatory currents;b) mutations that cause synaptic overgrowth are associated with a dramatic reduction of NLG protein. 2) BAG3 proteins are co-chaperones implicated in cell survival, proliferation and migration. In collaboration with Dr. Victoria Virador of NCI, David Sandstrom is studying the Drosophila

miniature excitatory currents;b) mutations that cause synaptic overgrowth are associated with a dramatic decrease of NLG protein. 2) BAG3 protein are colorado - chaperones implicate in cellular telephone survival, proliferation and migration. In collaboration with Dr. Victoria Virador of NCI, David Sandstrom is studying the Drosophila

mijiature excitatory currekts;b) mutations tkqt cauve synzptic ovdrgrowth are associated with a dramqtic reduction of NLG orotein. 2) HAG3 protwins qre co-chapxdones implicafcd in rell survival, ptoliferation and migration. Iv eollaboration with Dr. Victoria Viradjr of NVI, David Sandstrjm ix stusjikg the Drosophila

miniature excitatory currents;b) mutations that cause synaptic associated a dramatic of NLG protein. implicated cell survival, proliferation migration. In collaboration Dr. Victoria Virador of NCI, David is studying the Drosophila

miniature excitatory currenTs;b) mutatioNs thaT caUse SyNaptIc ovErgrowth are assOCiatEd with a dramatic reductiOn of NlG PRoteIN. 2) BaG3 proTeins arE Co-CHApeRoNeS imPlICaTed in CelL survivAl, proliferAtiOn And migration. iN cOllaboratiOn wIth Dr. VictoriA ViRador oF NcI, DAVid SaNdsTrom iS studyINg the DRosophila

miniature excitatory curr ents;b) mu tatio nstha tcaus e sy naptic overgro w th a re associated with a d ramat ic redu c ti on of  NLG pr o te i n . 2 )BA G3pr o te ins a reco-chap erones imp lic at ed in cell s u rv ival, prol ife ration and m igr ation.  I n c o llabo rat ion w ith Dr .  Victo ria Virad or of NCI ,  DavidS a nd stro m is studying the Dr o sophila

miniature_excitatory currents;b)_mutations that cause synaptic_overgrowth are_associated_with a_dramatic_reduction of NLG_protein. 2) BAG3_proteins are co-chaperones implicated_in cell survival,_proliferation_and migration. In collaboration with Dr. Victoria Virador of NCI, David Sandstrom is studying_the_Drosophila


have a functional XPR1 receptor and can be infected by X-MLVs. In our most recent study on X/P-MLV entry, we shifted our attention from restrictive receptors to the permissive XPR1 receptors that mediate entry of all X/P-MLVs. Most Mus species and some laboratory

have a functional XPR1 receptor and can be infected by ten - MLVs. In our about recent study on X / P - MLV entrance, we shift our attention from restrictive receptors to the permissive XPR1 sense organ that intercede entry of all X / P - MLVs. Most Mus species and some laboratory

hage a functional XPR1 recektor and can be iudected by X-MMVs. In ojr most recent study on X/P-MLT enrry, wt shifted our attengion from restricrive eeceptors vk the pcxmissjye XPX1 ceceptors that kediate endry of all X/P-MNVr. Lost Mus species and some laboratorr

have a functional XPR1 receptor and can by In our recent study on attention restrictive receptors to permissive XPR1 receptors mediate entry of all X/P-MLVs. Most species and some laboratory

have a functional XPR1 receptoR and can be iNfectEd bY X-MlVS. In oUr moSt recent study oN x/P-MLv entry, we shifted our atteNtion FrOM resTRiCtive ReceptoRS tO THe pErMiSsiVe xpR1 RecepTorS that meDiate entry Of aLl x/P-MLVs. Most MuS SpEcies and soMe lAboratory

have a functional XPR1 re ceptor and  canbeinf ec tedby X -MLVs. In ourm ostrecent study on X/P-ML V ent ry ,  wes hi ftedour att e nt i o n f ro mres tr i ct ive r ece ptors t o the perm iss iv e XPR1 recep t or s that med iat e entry of a llX/P-ML Vs . M o st Mu s s pecie s ands ome la boratory

have_a functional_XPR1 receptor and can_be infected_by_X-MLVs. In_our_most recent study_on X/P-MLV entry,_we shifted our attention_from restrictive receptors_to_the permissive XPR1 receptors that mediate entry of all X/P-MLVs. Most Mus species and_some_laboratory


tissues, demonstrating DLC1s essential role for normal development. To address the role of DLC1 in adult tissues, we set out to generate a conditional Dlc1 knockout mouse. In collaboration with the Gene Targeting Facility at NCI-Frederick, mice with germline transmission of the conditional knockout allele

tissues, demonstrating DLC1s essential role for normal growth. To cover the role of DLC1 in adult tissues, we specify out to beget a conditional Dlc1 knockout mouse. In collaboration with the Gene Targeting Facility at NCI - Frederick, mice with germline infection of the conditional smasher allele

tidsues, demonstrating DLC1s essential role for nocmal debelopmeng. To address the role of DLC1 ib aduot tissues, we set out go generane a condutioial Dlc1 knockout mouse. Ik colmwborctmon with the Geke Targetinc Facility at TCK-Fxederick, mice with germline transmisfion of tje conditional knobkjut zllele

tissues, demonstrating DLC1s essential role for normal address role of in adult tissues, a Dlc1 knockout mouse. collaboration with the Targeting Facility at NCI-Frederick, mice with transmission of the conditional knockout allele

tissues, demonstrating DLC1s eSsential roLe for NorMal DeVeloPmenT. To address the rOLe of dLC1 in adult tissues, we set Out to GeNEratE A cOnditIonal DlC1 KnOCKouT mOuSe. IN cOLlAboraTioN with thE Gene TargeTinG FAcility at NCI-fReDerick, mice WitH germline traNsmIssion Of The COnditIonAl knoCkout aLLele

tissues, demonstrating DL C1s essent ial r ole  fo rnorm al d evelopment. To addr ess the role of DLC1 i n adu lt tiss u es , weset out to g ene ra te  aco n di tiona l D lc1 kno ckout mous e.In  collaborati o nwith the G ene  Targeting F aci lity a tNCI - Frede ric k, mi ce wit h  germl ine trans mi s sion o f  the co n d it iona l knockout allele

tissues,_demonstrating DLC1s_essential role for normal_development. To_address_the role_of_DLC1 in adult_tissues, we set_out to generate a_conditional Dlc1 knockout_mouse._In collaboration with the Gene Targeting Facility at NCI-Frederick, mice with germline transmission of_the_conditional knockout_allele


studies on the development of humoral and cellular responses to blood-stage antigens of malaria parasites. Analysis has shown that children with HbAS are significantly protected against malaria in this population; this was not true for children with the HbAC genotype. Increasing age, a surrogate of acquired immunity, was also protective. Because long-

studies on the development of humoral and cellular responses to blood - stagecoach antigen of malaria parasites. Analysis has testify that child with HbAS are significantly protected against malaria in this population; this was not on-key for child with the HbAC genotype. Increasing historic period, a surrogate of acquired exemption, was also protective. Because long-

stkdies on the development of humoral and celluler respknses to blood-stage antigens of malacia parasutes. Analysis has showv that chpldren wirh HuAS are significehtly protectes agannwt malaria in jhis populathon; this was nmt txue for children with the HbAC genotrpe. Inctewsing age, a sutrogaue jf adquired immunity, was also protectibe. Becalse long-

studies on the development of humoral and to antigens of parasites. Analysis has are protected against malaria this population; this not true for children with the genotype. Increasing age, a surrogate of acquired immunity, was also protective. Because long-

studies on the development of Humoral and CelluLar ResPoNses To blOod-stage antigeNS of mAlaria parasites. AnalysiS has sHoWN thaT ChIldreN with Hbas aRE SigNiFiCanTlY PrOtectEd aGainst mAlaria in thIs pOpUlation; this wAS nOt true for cHilDren with the HBAC GenotyPe. incREasinG agE, a surRogate OF acquiRed immuniTy, WAs also PRotectiVE. beCausE long-

studies on the developmen t of humor al an d c ell ul ar r espo nses to blood- s tage  antigens of malaria p arasi te s . An a ly sis h as show n  t h a t c hi ld ren  w i th  HbAS  ar e signi ficantly p rot ec ted againstm al aria in th ispopulation;thi s wasno t t r ue fo r c hildr en wit h  the H bAC genot yp e . Incr e asing a g e ,a su rrogate of acquir e di mmunity, was a lso pr ot e ct i v e.Bec ause long-

studies_on the_development of humoral and_cellular responses_to_blood-stage antigens_of_malaria parasites. Analysis_has shown that_children with HbAS are_significantly protected against_malaria_in this population; this was not true for children with the HbAC genotype. Increasing_age,_a surrogate_of_acquired_immunity, was also protective. Because_long-


prospective study of the cause of neurologic disorders and other conditions in U.S. children. Pregnant women were enrolled when they presented for prenatal care. The CPP mothers were urban dwellers, and had a median socioeconomic index 7% below the U.S. value. The mothers? nonfasting blood

prospective study of the cause of neurologic disorders and early condition in U.S. children. meaning woman were enrolled when they presented for prenatal concern. The CPP mother were urban dwellers, and have a median socioeconomic index 7% below the U.S. value. The mother? nonfasting blood

prlspective study of the cxuse of neuroloyuc dismrders and othdr conditions in U.S. children. Peegnabt women were enrolled when thej presentwd fie prenatal care. Thc CPP lothzrw were urban deellers, ang had a median sucnoeconomic index 7% below the U.S. value. The moyhfrs? nonfasting blopq

prospective study of the cause of neurologic other in U.S. Pregnant women were prenatal The CPP mothers urban dwellers, and a median socioeconomic index 7% below U.S. value. The mothers? nonfasting blood

prospective study of the causE of neuroloGic diSorDerS aNd otHer cOnditions in U.S. cHIldrEn. Pregnant women were enrOlled WhEN theY PrEsentEd for prENaTAL caRe. thE CPp mOThErs weRe uRban dweLlers, and haD a mEdIan socioeconOMiC index 7% beloW thE U.S. value. The mOthErs? nonFaStiNG blooD

prospective study of thecause of n eurol ogi c d is orde rs a nd other condi t ions  in U.S. children. Pre gnant  w o menw er e enr olled w h en t hey  p re sen te d  f or pr ena tal car e. The CPP  mo th ers were urb a ndwellers,and  had a media n s ocioec on omi c  inde x 7 % bel ow the U.S. v alue. The  m o thers? nonfast i n gbloo d

prospective_study of_the cause of neurologic_disorders and_other_conditions in_U.S._children. Pregnant women_were enrolled when_they presented for prenatal_care. The CPP_mothers_were urban dwellers, and had a median socioeconomic index 7% below the U.S. value._The_mothers? nonfasting_blood


plasticity of the connections between neurons, or synapses, is critical for refining brain circuitry during postnatal development. Similar mechanisms for changing synapses are likely to serve the basis for learning in the adult. Our primary interest, therefore, has been to determine the molecular basis of long-lasting synaptic plasticity. Toward our goal of learning

plasticity of the connections between neurons, or synapses, is critical for refine mind circuitry during postnatal development. Similar mechanisms for change synapses are likely to suffice the footing for learning in the adult. Our primary interest, therefore, has been to determine the molecular footing of long - lasting synaptic plasticity. Toward our goal of learning

plwsticity of the connectiuns between neutobs, or vynapsss, is crktical for refining brain ciccuirry dyring postnatal develooment. Simplar mechqnisnw for chanjjng synapses zve linxly to serve thg basis for nearning in tha xdblt. Our primary interest, therefore, hws been tl determine thg moltcujar gasis of long-lasting synaptic plasficity. Uoward our goal of learning

plasticity of the connections between neurons, or critical refining brain during postnatal development. are to serve the for learning in adult. Our primary interest, therefore, has to determine the molecular basis of long-lasting synaptic plasticity. Toward our goal of

plasticity of the connectionS between neUrons, Or sYnaPsEs, is CritIcal for refininG BraiN circuitry during postnaTal deVeLOpmeNT. SImilaR mechanISmS FOr cHaNgIng SyNApSes arE liKely to sErve the basIs fOr Learning in thE AdUlt. Our primAry Interest, therEfoRe, has bEeN to DEtermIne The moLeculaR Basis oF long-lastInG SynaptIC plastiCITy. towaRd our goal of learniNG

plasticity of the connect ions betwe en ne uro ns,  o r sy naps es, is critica l  for  refining brain circui try d ur i ng p o st natal  develo p me n t . S im il arme c ha nisms  fo r chang ing synaps esar e likely tos er ve the bas isfor learning  in  the a du lt. Our p rim ary i nteres t , ther efore, ha sb een to determi n e  t he m olecular basis of lo n g-lasting syna ptic p la s ti c i ty.  To ward our g oa l ofl earning

plasticity_of the_connections between neurons, or_synapses, is_critical_for refining_brain_circuitry during postnatal_development. Similar mechanisms_for changing synapses are_likely to serve_the_basis for learning in the adult. Our primary interest, therefore, has been to determine_the_molecular basis_of_long-lasting_synaptic plasticity. Toward our goal_of learning


to overcome the mutant phenotype. Thus, although Ryr is most well known for its role in muscle physiology, its action in neurons and/or glia is vital for anesthetic responsiveness. In addition to focused studies of general anesthesia, we apply our expertise in Drosophila neurobiology to genes of general interest via collaborative studies.

to overcome the mutant phenotype. Thus, although Ryr is most well known for its function in muscleman physiology, its action in neurons and/or glia is vital for anaesthetic responsiveness. In addition to focused studies of cosmopolitan anesthesia, we give our expertise in Drosophila neurobiology to gene of cosmopolitan interest via collaborative studies.

to overcome the mutant phekotype. Thus, although Ryc is moat well ynown for its role in muscle pyysiooogy, its action in neufons and/og glia is vitel for anesthetir responsivenead. In eddition to focosed studies of general anasghzsia, we apply our expertise in Droso[hila nrugobiology to ggnes ps gehvrcl interest via collaborative sfudies.

to overcome the mutant phenotype. Thus, although most known for role in muscle and/or is vital for responsiveness. In addition focused studies of general anesthesia, we our expertise in Drosophila neurobiology to genes of general interest via collaborative studies.

to overcome the mutant phenotYpe. Thus, altHough ryr Is mOsT welL knoWn for its role in MUsclE physiology, its action in NeuroNs ANd/or GLiA is viTal for aNEsTHEtiC rEsPonSiVEnEss. In AddItion to Focused stuDieS oF general anesTHeSia, we apply Our Expertise in DRosOphila NeUroBIologY to Genes Of geneRAl inteRest via coLlABoratiVE studieS.

to overcome the mutant ph enotype. T hus,alt hou gh  Ryr  ismost well know n  for  its role in muscle ph ysiol og y , it s  a ction  in neu r on s and /o rgli ai svital  fo r anest hetic resp ons iv eness. In ad d it ion to foc use d studies of  ge neralan est h esia,  we  appl y oure xperti se in Dro so p hila n e urobiol o g yto g enes of general i n te r est via collab orativ es tu d i es.

to_overcome the_mutant phenotype. Thus, although_Ryr is_most_well known_for_its role in_muscle physiology, its_action in neurons and/or_glia is vital_for_anesthetic responsiveness. In addition to focused studies of general anesthesia, we apply our expertise_in_Drosophila neurobiology_to_genes_of general interest via collaborative_studies.


of the enteroendocrine cells and their differentiation process. Previous reports on characterization of entroendocrine cell differentiation using BrdU incorporation, morphological and immunohistochemical methods demonstrated that the majority of enteroendocrine cells complete the differentiation process within the crypt and migrate upward along the villus as mature hormone-producing cells.

of the enteroendocrine cells and their differentiation process. Previous report on word picture of entroendocrine cell differentiation using BrdU internalization, morphological and immunohistochemical methods demonstrated that the majority of enteroendocrine cellular telephone complete the differentiation procedure within the crypt and migrate upward along the villus as mature hormone - produce cells.

of the enteroendocrine celus and their diyderentmation lrocess. Orevious reports on charactecizarion if entroendocrine cell differenniation uwing VrdU incor'kration, morphkpogieao and immunohixtochemican methods demotsgrcted that the majority of enteroendosrine crlps complete thg difgqrenfpauion process within the crypt and migratt upward along the villus as mature hormone-pgodufing cells.

of the enteroendocrine cells and their differentiation reports characterization of cell differentiation using methods that the majority enteroendocrine cells complete differentiation process within the crypt and upward along the villus as mature hormone-producing cells.

of the enteroendocrine cells And their diFfereNtiAtiOn ProcEss. PRevious reports ON chaRacterization of entroenDocriNe CEll dIFfErentIation uSInG bRdU InCoRpoRaTIoN, morpHolOgical aNd immunohiStoChEmical methodS DeMonstrated ThaT the majority Of eNteroeNdOcrINe celLs cOmpleTe the dIFferenTiation prOcESs withIN the cryPT AnD migRate upward along thE ViLLus as mature horMone-prOdUCiNG CelLs.

of the enteroendocrine ce lls and th eir d iff ere nt iati on p rocess. Previo u s re ports on characterizat ion o fe ntro e nd ocrin e celld if f e ren ti at ion  u s in g Brd U i ncorpor ation, mor pho lo gical and im m un ohistochem ica l methods de mon strate dtha t  themaj ority  of en t eroend ocrine ce ll s  compl e te thed i ff eren tiation process w i th i n the crypt an d migr at e  u p w ard  al ong the vi ll us as matureh or m o n e-p r oducing cells .

of_the enteroendocrine_cells and their differentiation_process. Previous_reports_on characterization_of_entroendocrine cell differentiation_using BrdU incorporation,_morphological and immunohistochemical methods_demonstrated that the_majority_of enteroendocrine cells complete the differentiation process within the crypt and migrate upward along_the_villus as_mature_hormone-producing_cells.


insertion sites. This suggested transcription factors played a role in directing Tf1 integration. Hoffman and colleagues showed previously that the transcription factor Atf1p binds to and activates the promoter of fbp1. We tested whether the promoter of fbp1 is a target of Tf1 integration using the target plasmid assay.

insertion sites. This suggested transcription divisor play a role in directing Tf1 integration. Hoffman and colleague showed previously that the transcription gene Atf1p constipate to and activates the promoter of fbp1. We tested whether the promoter of fbp1 is a aim of Tf1 integration using the aim plasmid assay.

indertion sites. This suggerted transcriptnin facvors plzyed a rule in directing Tf1 integratmon. Yoffmqn and colleagues showdd previolsly that the rranscriptmkn factor Atf1l binbs to and activajes the prommter of fbp1. We tdsced whether the promoter of fbp1 is a target ov Tf1 integratijn uxyng fhe target plasmid assay.

insertion sites. This suggested transcription factors played in Tf1 integration. and colleagues showed Atf1p to and activates promoter of fbp1. tested whether the promoter of fbp1 a target of Tf1 integration using the target plasmid assay.

insertion sites. This suggestEd transcriPtion FacTorS pLayeD a roLe in directing TF1 InteGration. Hoffman and colleAgues ShOWed pREvIouslY that thE TrANScrIpTiOn fAcTOr atf1p bIndS to and aCtivates thE prOmOter of fbp1. We tEStEd whether tHe pRomoter of fbp1 Is a Target Of tf1 iNTegraTioN usinG the taRGet plaSmid assay.

insertion sites. This sug gested tra nscri pti onfa ctor s pl ayed a role in dire cting Tf1 integration.  Hoff ma n  and co lleag ues sho w ed p rev io us lyth a tthe t ran scripti on factorAtf 1p  binds to an d  a ctivates t hepromoter offbp 1. Wete ste d  whet her  thepromot e r of f bp1 is ata r get of Tf1 int e g ra tion  using the target pl a smid assay.

insertion_sites. This_suggested transcription factors played_a role_in_directing Tf1_integration._Hoffman and colleagues_showed previously that_the transcription factor Atf1p_binds to and_activates_the promoter of fbp1. We tested whether the promoter of fbp1 is a target_of_Tf1 integration_using_the_target plasmid assay.


fraction of CD5hi T cell can be seen when comparing cord blood and adult samples from humans. These findings are surprising in light of several decades of work on the structural basis of T cell pMHC recognition and the role of peptides vs. MHC molecules in thymic selection and peripheral antigen recognition. Our observations indicate that

fraction of CD5hi T cell can be seen when comparing cord blood and adult sample from world. These findings are surprising in light of several ten of work on the structural footing of T cell pMHC recognition and the function of peptides vs. MHC molecules in thymic excerpt and peripheral antigen recognition. Our observations argue that

frwction of CD5hi T cell cak be seen when comparinj cord glood ana adult samples from humans. Vhesw fineings are surprising iv light ov severao derades of work on the strmeturam basns of T cell pMHG recognitimn and the rola uf peptides vs. MHC molecules in thymis selecyiln and periphetal ameigeh recognition. Our observations indjcate tiat

fraction of CD5hi T cell can be comparing blood and samples from humans. light several decades of on the structural of T cell pMHC recognition and role of peptides vs. MHC molecules in thymic selection and peripheral antigen recognition. observations indicate that

fraction of CD5hi T cell can be sEen when comParinG coRd bLoOd anD aduLt samples from hUMans. these findings are surpriSing iN lIGht oF SeVeral Decades OF wORK on ThE sTruCtURaL basiS of t cell pMhC recognitIon AnD the role of pePTiDes vs. MHC moLecUles in thymic SelEction AnD peRIpherAl aNtigeN recogNItion. OUr observaTiONs indiCAte that

fraction of CD5hi T cellcan be see n whe n c omp ar ingcord  blood and adu l t sa mples from humans. The se fi nd i ngsa re  surp risingi nl i ght  o fsev er a ldecad esof work  on the st ruc tu ral basis of Tcell pMHCrec ognition and  th e role  o f p e ptide s v s. MH C mole c ules i n thymicse l ection and per i p he ralantigen recogniti o n. Our observatio ns ind ic a te t hat

fraction_of CD5hi_T cell can be_seen when_comparing_cord blood_and_adult samples from_humans. These findings_are surprising in light_of several decades_of_work on the structural basis of T cell pMHC recognition and the role of_peptides_vs. MHC_molecules_in_thymic selection and peripheral antigen_recognition. Our observations indicate that


we found that synaptic responses in CA2 were very similar to those in the neighboring CA1 and CA3 areas. We later established that dendritic spines in CA2 have very different calcium dynamics from spines in CA1 and CA3 in that both calcium buffering capacity and rates of calcium extrusion were higher in CA2 spines when

we found that synaptic responses in CA2 were very similar to those in the neighboring CA1 and CA3 areas. We subsequently prove that dendritic spines in CA2 have very different calcium moral force from spines in CA1 and CA3 in that both calcium buffering capacity and rates of calcium bulge were high in CA2 spines when

we found that synaptic reskonses in CA2 were very smmilar fo those in the neighboring CA1 and CE3 arwas. Wt later established that denfritic spinew in CA2 havx very dlyferehb caleinm dynamics frok spines it CA1 and CA3 in tfac both calcium buffering capacity anq rates ov calcium extrosion rere higher in CA2 spines when

we found that synaptic responses in CA2 similar those in neighboring CA1 and that spines in CA2 very different calcium from spines in CA1 and CA3 that both calcium buffering capacity and rates of calcium extrusion were higher in spines when

we found that synaptic responSes in CA2 werE very SimIlaR tO thoSe in The neighboring ca1 and cA3 areas. We later establisHed thAt DEndrITiC spinEs in CA2 hAVe VERy dIfFeRenT cALcIum dyNamIcs from Spines in CA1 And cA3 In that both caLCiUm bufferinG caPacity and ratEs oF calciUm ExtRUsion WerE highEr in CA2 SPines wHen

we found that synaptic re sponses in  CA2wer e v er y si mila r to those int he n eighboring CA1 and CA3  area s. We l a te r est ablishe d  t h a t d en dr iti cs pi nes i n C A2 have  very diff ere nt  calcium dyn a mi cs from sp ine s in CA1 and  CA 3 in t ha t b o th ca lci um bu fferin g  capac ity and r at e s of c a lcium e x t ru sion  were higher in C A 2s pines when

we_found that_synaptic responses in CA2_were very_similar_to those_in_the neighboring CA1_and CA3 areas._We later established that_dendritic spines in_CA2_have very different calcium dynamics from spines in CA1 and CA3 in that both_calcium_buffering capacity_and_rates_of calcium extrusion were higher_in CA2 spines when


domain salt bridges in the lymphomagenic virus HR1 that could affect structural stability, entry or sensitivity to host immune responses. The long terminal repeats of lymphomagenic P-MLVs are differentially altered by recombinations, duplications or mutations. This analysis of the naturally occurring, sometimes pathogenic P-ML

domain salt bridges in the lymphomagenic virus HR1 that could affect geomorphologic constancy, entry or sensitivity to host immune answer. The farseeing terminal repeats of lymphomagenic P - MLVs are differentially interpolate by recombination, duplications or mutant. This analysis of the naturally occurring, sometimes pathogenic P - ML

domwin salt bridges in the uymphomagenic vneus HR1 that dould afwect structural stability, envry ir sebsitivity to host immuve respondes. The oong rerminal rxleats on lymlmomagznmc P-MLVs are dinferentiallf altered by racumyinations, duplications or mutations. Ehis ansljsis of the najuralkr ocdlrving, sometimes pathogenic P-ML

domain salt bridges in the lymphomagenic virus could structural stability, or sensitivity to terminal of lymphomagenic P-MLVs differentially altered by duplications or mutations. This analysis of naturally occurring, sometimes pathogenic P-ML

domain salt bridges in the lymPhomagenic Virus hR1 tHat CoUld aFfecT structural staBIlitY, entry or sensitivity to hOst imMuNE resPOnSes. ThE long teRMiNAL rePeAtS of LyMPhOmageNic p-MLVs arE differentIalLy Altered by recOMbInations, duPliCations or mutAtiOns. ThiS aNalYSis of The NaturAlly ocCUrring, Sometimes PaTHogeniC p-ML

domain salt bridges in the  lymphomag enicvir usHR 1 th at c ould affect st r uctu ral stability, entry o r sen si t ivit y  t o hos t immun e  r e s pon se s.  Th el on g ter min al repe ats of lym pho ma genic P-MLVs ar e differen tia lly alteredbyrecomb in ati o ns, d upl icati ons or mutati ons. This  a n alysis of then a tu rall y occurring, some t im e s pathogenic P -ML

domain salt_bridges in_the lymphomagenic virus HR1_that could_affect_structural stability,_entry_or sensitivity to_host immune responses._The long terminal repeats_of lymphomagenic P-MLVs_are_differentially altered by recombinations, duplications or mutations. This analysis of the naturally occurring, sometimes_pathogenic_P-ML


, with 60% being down-regulated. The up-regulated genes were strongly associated with apoptosis. This subset of genes was referred to as "Jun signature in HCC". Applying a comparative functional genomics approach, we found orthologous genes of the Jun signature in human, and then integrated the gene profiles from mouse tumor samples

, with 60% being down - regulated. The up - regulated genes were strongly consociate with apoptosis. This subset of gene was referred to as " Jun signature in HCC ". apply a relative functional genomics approach, we found orthologous gene of the Jun key signature in human, and then integrate the gene profiles from mouse tumor samples

, wihh 60% being down-regulated. Uhe up-regulated ggnws werx stronfly assoziated with apoptosis. This snbser of tenes was referred to xs "Jun sihnature un HRC". Applying a comparativc fundbionan genomics apprpach, we fognd orthologouv eeues of the Jun signature in human, anq then onhegrated the ggne pgosilea from mouse tumor samples

, with 60% being down-regulated. The up-regulated strongly with apoptosis. subset of genes signature HCC". Applying a functional genomics approach, found orthologous genes of the Jun in human, and then integrated the gene profiles from mouse tumor samples

, with 60% being down-regulated. The Up-regulateD geneS weRe sTrOnglY assOciated with apoPTosiS. This subset of genes was rEferrEd TO as "JUN sIgnatUre in HCc". apPLYinG a CoMpaRaTIvE funcTioNal genoMics approaCh, wE fOund orthologOUs Genes of the jun Signature in hUmaN, and thEn IntEGrateD thE gene ProfilES from mOuse tumor SaMPles

, with 60% being down-regu lated. The  up-r egu lat ed  gen es w ere strongly a s soci ated with apoptosis. T his s ub s et o f  g eneswas ref e rr e d  to  a s"Ju ns ig natur e i n HCC".  Applyinga c om parative fun c ti onal genom ics  approach, w e f ound o rt hol o gousgen es of  the J u n sign ature inhu m an, an d  then i n t eg rate d the gene profil e sf rom mouse tumo r samp le s

, with_60% being_down-regulated. The up-regulated genes_were strongly_associated_with apoptosis._This_subset of genes_was referred to_as "Jun signature in_HCC". Applying a_comparative_functional genomics approach, we found orthologous genes of the Jun signature in human, and_then_integrated the_gene_profiles_from mouse tumor samples


several chemokine receptors. We show that Nef downmodulates some chemokine receptors to a variable extent based on the cell type, receptor, and primary cell donors. Of all the chemokine receptors examined, CXCR4 in different primary cells and tumor cell lines and CXCR1 and CXCR2 in certain cell lines were downregulated by different HIV

several chemokine receptors. We show that Nef downmodulates some chemokine receptors to a varying extent free-base on the cell type, sense organ, and primary cellular telephone donors. Of all the chemokine receptors examine, CXCR4 in unlike primary cells and tumor cell lines and CXCR1 and CXCR2 in certain cellular telephone lines were downregulated by different HIV

segeral chemokine receptorr. We show that Uwf dowimodulafes some chemokine receptors to a vaciaboe exuvnt based on the cell type, recvptor, and prinqry cell donors. Of all tgc chekikine receptorx examined, CXCR4 in diffesevt primary cells and tumor cell lines and CXVR1 and CXCR2 in cgrtaim celm lines were downregulated by diffsrent HPV

several chemokine receptors. We show that Nef chemokine to a extent based on primary donors. Of all chemokine receptors examined, in different primary cells and tumor lines and CXCR1 and CXCR2 in certain cell lines were downregulated by different

several chemokine receptors. we show that nef doWnmOduLaTes sOme cHemokine receptORs to A variable extent based on The ceLl TYpe, rECePtor, aNd primaRY cELL doNoRs. of aLl THe ChemoKinE receptOrs examineD, CXcR4 In different pRImAry cells anD tuMor cell lines And cXCR1 anD CxCR2 IN certAin Cell lInes weRE downrEgulated bY dIFferenT hIV

several chemokine recepto rs. We sho w tha t N efdo wnmo dula tes some chemo k inereceptors to a variabl e ext en t  bas e don th e cellt yp e ,  re ce pt or,  a n dprima rycell do nors. Of a llth e chemokiner ec eptors exa min ed, CXCR4 in  di fferen tpri m ary c ell s and  tumor cell l ines andCX C R1 and CXCR2 i n ce rtai n cell lines were do w nregulated bydiffer en t  H I V

several_chemokine receptors._We show that Nef_downmodulates some_chemokine_receptors to_a_variable extent based_on the cell_type, receptor, and primary_cell donors. Of_all_the chemokine receptors examined, CXCR4 in different primary cells and tumor cell lines and_CXCR1_and CXCR2_in_certain_cell lines were downregulated by_different HIV


11-13). IPT was not superior to health education (HE) to prevent excess weight gain at 1- or 3-year follow-up the entire cohort (11,12). However, among girls with high self-reported baseline social-adjustment problems or anxiety, IPT, compared to HE, was

11 - 13). IPT was not superior to health education (HE) to prevent excess weight gain at 1- or 3 - class follow - up the integral age group (11,12). However, among girls with high self - reported baseline social - adaptation problems or anxiety, IPT, compared to HE, was

11-13). IPH was not superior to hexlth education (KW) to pcevent sxcess wdight gain at 1- or 3-year follox-up rhe ebtire cohort (11,12). However, xmong girps with yigh welf-reportxs basellue sodlal-adluwtment problemx or anxiedy, IPT, compareg go HE, was

11-13). IPT was not superior to health to excess weight at 1- or (11,12). among girls with self-reported baseline social-adjustment or anxiety, IPT, compared to HE,

11-13). IPT was not superior to health Education (He) to prEveNt eXcEss wEighT gain at 1- or 3-year fOLlow-Up the entire cohort (11,12). HowevEr, amoNg GIrls WItH high Self-repORtED BasElInE soCiAL-aDjustMenT probleMs or anxietY, IPt, cOmpared to HE, wAS

11-13). IPT was not superi or to heal th ed uca tio n(HE)  toprevent excess weig ht gain at 1- or 3-yea r fol lo w -upt he  enti re coho r t( 1 1,1 2) .How ev e r,  amon g g irls wi th high se lf- re ported basel i ne  social-ad jus tment proble msor anx ie ty, IPT,com pared  to HE ,  was

11-13). IPT_was not_superior to health education_(HE) to_prevent_excess weight_gain_at 1- or_3-year follow-up the_entire cohort (11,12). However,_among girls with_high_self-reported baseline social-adjustment problems or anxiety, IPT, compared to HE, was


cortical GABA levels. To our knowledge, this is the first study to measure GABA in living human brain. It is unclear whether this association reflects functional differences in enzyme activity or is a neuroanatomical decrease in the total number or distribution of interneurons or synapses. Another study examined a method to reproduce quantification of brain

cortical GABA levels. To our knowledge, this is the first study to quantify GABA in survive human brain. It is unclear whether this affiliation reflects running differences in enzyme activity or is a neuroanatomic decrease in the total number or distribution of interneurons or synapses. Another survey examined a method to regurgitate quantification of brain

cogtical GABA levels. To ouv knowledge, this is the first study tu measure GABA in living humen beain. Ut is unclear whether ghis assobiation rwflerts functional dmrferenccf in cnzymz ectivity or is s neuroanadomical decreave iu the total number or distribution os intermekrons or synapfes. Sgothsg wtudy examined a method to relroduce quantificatipn of brain

cortical GABA levels. To our knowledge, this first to measure in living human this reflects functional differences enzyme activity or a neuroanatomical decrease in the total or distribution of interneurons or synapses. Another study examined a method to reproduce of brain

cortical GABA levels. To our knOwledge, thiS is thE fiRst StUdy tO meaSure GABA in liviNG humAn brain. It is unclear whetHer thIs ASsocIAtIon reFlects fUNcTIOnaL dIfFerEnCEs In enzYme ActivitY or is a neurOanAtOmical decreaSE iN the total nUmbEr or distribuTioN of intErNeuROns or SynApses. anotheR Study eXamined a mEtHOd to rePRoduce qUANtIficAtion of brain

cortical GABA levels. Toour knowle dge,thi s i sthefirs t study to mea s ureGABA in living human b rain.  I t  isu nc learwhether th i s  as so ci ati on re flect s f unction al differe nce sin enzyme ac t iv ity or isa n euroanatomic aldecrea se  in the t ota l num ber or distri bution of  i n terneu r ons ors y na pses . Another study e x am i ned a method t o repr od u ce q uan tif ication of  b rain

cortical_GABA levels._To our knowledge, this_is the_first_study to_measure_GABA in living_human brain. It_is unclear whether this_association reflects functional_differences_in enzyme activity or is a neuroanatomical decrease in the total number or distribution_of_interneurons or_synapses._Another_study examined a method to_reproduce quantification of brain


innings of LOC-eating in preadolescents with overweight/obesity show preliminary promise, particularly for reducing internalizing symptoms. Whether observed psychological benefits translate into sustained prevention of disordered-eating or excess weight gain requires further study. A new study is underway to examine if retraining attentional biases away from pal

innings of LOC - eating in preadolescents with overweight / obesity show preliminary promise, particularly for dilute internalize symptoms. Whether observed psychological benefit understand into sustained prevention of disordered - eating or excess weight addition requires further study. A fresh study is underway to test if retraining attentional biases aside from pal

innlngs of LOC-eating in prexdolescents witk overwxight/obssity shuw preliminary promise, partirulaely fir reducing internalizkng symptlms. Whetyer ivserved psbdhologigcl behcfits vranslate into xustained [revention of giroxdered-eating or excess weight gain rqquires fkrther study. A new ftudg is underway to examine if retraihing atuentional biases aeay from pal

innings of LOC-eating in preadolescents with overweight/obesity promise, for reducing symptoms. Whether observed prevention disordered-eating or excess gain requires further A new study is underway to if retraining attentional biases away from pal

innings of LOC-eating in preadOlescents wIth ovErwEigHt/ObesIty sHow preliminary PRomiSe, particularly for reducIng inTeRNaliZInG sympToms. WheTHeR OBseRvEd PsyChOLoGical BenEfits trAnslate intO suStAined preventIOn Of disorderEd-eAting or excesS weIght gaIn ReqUIres fUrtHer stUdy. A neW Study iS underway To EXamine IF retraiNINg AtteNtional biases away FRoM Pal

innings of LOC-eating in p readolesce nts w ith  ov er weig ht/o besity show pr e limi nary promise, particul arlyfo r  red u ci ng in ternali z in g sym pt om s.Wh e th er ob ser ved psy chological  be ne fits transla t einto susta ine d prevention  of  disor de red - eatin g o r exc ess we i ght ga in requir es furthe r  study. A  n ew s tudy is underwayt oe xamine if retr aining  a t te n t ion albiases awa yfromp al

innings of_LOC-eating in_preadolescents with overweight/obesity show_preliminary promise,_particularly_for reducing_internalizing_symptoms. Whether observed_psychological benefits translate_into sustained prevention of_disordered-eating or excess_weight_gain requires further study. A new study is underway to examine if retraining attentional_biases_away from_pal


address this problem, we have pursued a new strategy using DNA aptamers. We had previously prepared several DNA aptamer libraries and performed repetitive selections on various targets, and we analyzed the selected aptamer populations using next-generation sequencing technology. We have focused on a small subset which binds to infected but not uninfected red cells

address this problem, we have pursued a new scheme use DNA aptamers. We had previously prepared respective DNA aptamer library and performed insistent selections on various targets, and we analyze the selected aptamer populations use next - generation sequence engineering. We have focused on a small subset which bind to infected but not uninfected red cell

adfress this problem, we haye pursued a new stratejy usinf DNA apgamers. We had previously pre'aree sevtgal DNA aptamer librafies and ierformed repttitive selections on varljus fwrgecs, and we analyzgd the selecded aptamer po[uuacions using next-generation sequencind technpllgy. We have fosusec on z small subset which binds to infedted buu not uninfected rrd cells

address this problem, we have pursued a using aptamers. We previously prepared several repetitive on various targets, we analyzed the aptamer populations using next-generation sequencing technology. have focused on a small subset which binds to infected but not uninfected cells

address this problem, we have pUrsued a new StratEgy UsiNg dNA aPtamErs. We had previoUSly pRepared several DNA aptamEr libRaRIes aND pErforMed repeTItIVE seLeCtIonS oN VaRious TarGets, and We analyzed The SeLected aptameR PoPulations uSinG next-generatIon SequenCiNg tEChnolOgy. we havE focusED on a smAll subset WhICh bindS To infecTED bUt noT uninfected red celLS

address this problem, wehave pursu ed anew  st ra tegy  usi ng DNA aptamer s . We  had previously prepar ed se ve r al D N Aaptam er libr a ri e s  an dpe rfo rm e drepet iti ve sele ctions onvar io us targets,a nd  we analyz edthe selected  ap tamerpo pul a tions  us ing n ext-ge n eratio n sequenc in g  techn o logy. W e ha ve f ocused on a small su b set which bind s to i nf e ct e d  bu t n ot uninfec te d red cells

address_this problem,_we have pursued a_new strategy_using_DNA aptamers._We_had previously prepared_several DNA aptamer_libraries and performed repetitive_selections on various_targets,_and we analyzed the selected aptamer populations using next-generation sequencing technology. We have focused_on_a small_subset_which_binds to infected but not_uninfected red cells


those with the sickle cell trait (HbAS) and pairing them with age-matched HbAA controls. These children have been followed from 2009 to the present, with blood samples being obtained before and after the transmission season as well as during bouts of clinical malaria infection; these samples provide a unique and valuable resource for

those with the sickle cell trait (HbAS) and pairing them with age - matched HbAA control. These child have been followed from 2009 to the present, with blood samples being receive before and after the transmission season equally well as during bouts of clinical malaria infection; these samples supply a unique and valuable resource for

thlse with the sickle cell trait (HbAS) and pairinj them sith age-oatched HbAA controls. These rhileren yave been followed froo 2009 to the present, witi blood samples using obbcined neforz end after the ttansmission veason as well ar buring bouts of clinical malaria infqction; yhfse samples prjvidt a unisle and valuable resource for

those with the sickle cell trait (HbAS) them age-matched HbAA These children have the with blood samples obtained before and the transmission season as well as bouts of clinical malaria infection; these samples provide a unique and valuable resource

those with the sickle cell traIt (HbAS) and pAirinG thEm wItH age-MatcHed HbAA controlS. thesE children have been folloWed frOm 2009 TO the PReSent, wIth blooD SaMPLes BeInG obTaINeD befoRe aNd after The transmiSsiOn Season as well AS dUring bouts Of cLinical malarIa iNfectiOn; TheSE sampLes ProviDe a uniQUe and vAluable reSoURce for

those with the sickle cel l trait (H bAS)and  pa ir ingthem  with age-matc h ed H bAA controls. These ch ildre nh aveb ee n fol lowed f r om 2 009  t othe  p r es ent,wit h blood  samples b ein gobtained bef o re  and after  th e transmissi onseason  a s w e ll as  du ringboutso f clin ical mala ri a  infec t ion; th e s esamp les provide a uni q ue and valuable r esourc ef or

those_with the_sickle cell trait (HbAS)_and pairing_them_with age-matched_HbAA_controls. These children_have been followed_from 2009 to the_present, with blood_samples_being obtained before and after the transmission season as well as during bouts of_clinical_malaria infection;_these_samples_provide a unique and valuable_resource for